On the Experimental Investigation of Bone Fracture Recovery Process Using an Ultra-Wideband Planar Monopole Antenna

Table 3

Comparison of our investigation of bone fractures with other studies.

References	Objectives	Configurations	Operating frequency (GHz)	Phantom	Medium	Detection method	Portable system validation
[8]	Detecting transversal bone fractures	A planar microstrip sensor (S11 and S21 parameters)	2.45	A realistic porcine tibia bone	Contact with the body	Microwave imaging	No
[10]	Bone crack/void detection	A single planar monopole antenna (S11 parameters)	2.45	A realistic phantom of porcine tissues	Contact with the body	Frequency shifting	No
[42]	Reconstruction of bone profiles	An antipodal Vivaldi antennas (S11 and S21 parameters)	0.5–4	Fabricated bovine tibia	Contact with the body	Microwave imaging	No
[43]	Human bone health evaluation	A planar monopole antenna	3–7	No experimental validation	Contactless with the body	Time domain analysis	No
[44]	Detecting transversal bone fractures	A single antipodal Vivaldi antenna (S11 parameters)	8.3–11.1	A realistic phantom compose of animal tibia with skin	Contactless with the body	Microwave imaging	No
This work	Detection of bone fractures and their healing process	A single planar monopole antenna (S11 parameters)	3.23–10.83	3-layered real bovine tibia	Contactless with the body	Frequency shifting and machine learning	Yes (embedded system with Android application)