A Numerical Study of Spray Characteristics in Medium Speed Engine Fueled by Different HFO/n-Butanol Blends

Table 1

Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of butanol, methanol, and ethanol [1, 2].

Physicochemical properties	Butanol versus ethanol and methanol	Comparative advantage
Hydroscopicity	↓	Less affected by climate change
Flash point	↑	More safety compared to the other two types of alcohol
Energy density	↑	Producing about 25% more energy than methanol and ethanol
Cetane number	↑	Formation of a more uniformly combustion
Hydrocarbon chain	↑	Fairly nonpolar and more similarity to diesel fuels
Kinematic viscosity	↑	Viscosity of butanol is twice that of ethanol and five to seven times that of gasoline

↓ represents lower comparative value; ↑ represents higher comparative value.