Chemocatalytic Production of Lactates from Biomass-Derived Sugars

Table 2

Catalytic transformation of lactic acid from C₆ sugars and cellulose by acids.

Entry	Substrate	Catalyst	Reaction conditions	Yield of LA (%)	Reference
1	Glucose	Nb2O5 nanorod	250°C, 4 h	39	[65]
2	Fructose	Sn(IV) organometallic complexes	190°C, 0.5 h	63	[66]
3	Sucrose	Zn-Sn-Beta	190°C, 2 h	54	[67]
4	Glucose	Pb-Sn-Beta	190°C, 2 h	52	[68]
5	Fructose	MIL-100 (Fe)	190°C, 2 h	32	[69]
6	Levoglucosan	La(OTf)3	250°C, 1 h	75	[70]
	Glucose			74
	Xylose			61
7	Cellulose	AlW	190°C, 24 h	28	[71]
		ZrW		19
8	Cellulose	ZrW	190°C, 24 h	3 g/L^−1	[72]
	Pine wood sawdust		190°C, 8 h	1.2 g/L^−1
9	Xylose	ZrO2	200°C, 40 min	42	[73]
	Xylan		200°C, 90 min	30
10	Cellulose	ZrO2 (monoclinic)	200°C, 6 h	21.2	[74]
11	Cellulose	10%ZrO2-Al2O3	200°C, 6 h	25.3	[75]
12	Cellulose	Er(OTf)3	240°C, 30 min	89.6	[76]
13	Cellulose	ErCl3	240°C, 30 min	91.1	[77]
14	Cellulose	Er-K10	240°C, 30 min	67.6	[78]
15	Cellulose	Er/deAlβ-zeolite	240°C, 30 min	58	[79]
16	Cellulose	Pb(NO3)2	190°C, 2 h	71	[80]
17	Cellulose	VOSO4	180°C, 2 h	54	[81]
18	Fructose	AlCl3 + SnCl2	190°C, 2 h	90	[82]
	Glucose		180°C, 2 h	81
	Cellulose		190°C, 2 h	65
19	Cellulose	NbF5-AlF3	180°C, 2 h	27.3	[83]
20	Cellulose	Nb@CaF2	180°C, 2 h	15.4	[84]
21	Xylose	LaCoO3 perovskite	200°C, 1 h	38	[85]
	Glucose		200°C, 1 h	40
	Cellulose		240°C, 1 h	24