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| Origin of kaolinite | Extraction parameters | Maximum yield of Al (%) | Rate controlling step and kinetics model | Activation energy (kJ·mol−1) | References |
|
| Brazilian | 0.88 M, 70–95°C, 10–180 min, and 0.05 g·mL−1 | 98 | Chemical reaction with first order and shrinking core model | 90.6 | [8] |
| Turkish | 3–5 M, 45–96°C, 10–190 min, and 0.05 g·mL−1 | 95.4 | Chemical reaction with first order and shrinking core model | 79.0 | [9] |
| American | 5.6 M, 60–95°C, 15–120 min, and 0.166 g·mL−1 | 90 | Chemical reaction and Avrami model | 25.0 | [21] |
| Chinese | 1.6–8 M, 120–200°C, 10–100 min, and 0.067–0.2 g·mL−1 | 98.7 | Chemical reaction and Avrami model | 16.3 | [23] |
| Indonesian | 4 M, 30–90°C, 10–60 min, and 0.02 g·mL−1 | 91.3 | Chemical reaction with first order and shrinking core model | 19.2 | [44] |
| Nigerian | 0.5–3 M, 45–85°C, 20–100 min, and 0.062–0.250 g·mL−1 | 70 | Diffusion through liquid film and shrinking core model | 35.3 | [45] |
| Ethiopian | 2–5 M, 50–80°C, 20–180 min, and 0.05–0.125 g·mL−1 | 93% | Chemical reaction with first order and shrinking core model | 25.4 | This study |
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