Biodiesel Yield and Conversion Percentage from Waste Frying Oil Using Fish Shell at Elmina as a Heterogeneous Catalyst and the Kinetics of the Reaction

Table 4

Properties of biodiesel compared with international standards.

Fuel property	Regular diesel	Biodiesel range	Biodiesel from the current work
Fuel standard	ASTM D 975	ASTM D 6751	ASTM D 6751
Acid value (mg of KOH/g of oil)	—	0.500	0.480
Density (kg/m^3)	800–860	860–894	865
Calorific value (kJ/kg)	41,800–44,800	—	35305.87
Kinematic viscosity (40°C) St (m^2/s) 106	1.3–4.1	1.9–6.0	5.4
Cloud point (°C)	−35–5	−3–15	1
Pour point (°C)	−35–15	−5–10	−4.00
Flash point (°C)	60–80	100–170	169