International Journal of Clinical Practice

Research Article

Prevalence and Prognostic Importance of High Fibrosis-4 Index in COVID-19 Patients

Table 2

Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory data of all patients at the time of diagnosis according to needing ICU referral and/or deceased.


		ICU admission and/or deceased
		Yes n = 42 (6.8%)	No n = 577 (93.2%)

Gender n (%)	Male	32 (76.2)	331 (57.4)	0.017
Gender n (%)	Female	10 (23.8)	246 (42.6)	0.017

Age (years) median (IQR)			52 (45–58)	0.742

Comorbidities n (%)	Diabetes mellitus	15 (35.7)	138 (23.9)	0.087
	Hypertension	16 (38.1)	190 (33.0)	0.498
	Ischemic heart disease	7 (16.7)	32 (5.6)	0.013
	Heart failure	2 (4.8)	10 (1.8)	0.197
	Chronic kidney disease	4 (9.5)	12 (2.1)	0.019
	COPD	4 (9.5)	23 (4.0)	0.105
	Active malignancy	2 (4.8)	10 (1.7)	0.195
	Collagenous/autoimmune disease	2 (4.8)	23 (4.0)	0.685
	Cerebrovascular/neurological disease	1 (2.4)	10 (1.7)	0.543
	Cardio-cerebrovascular disease	8 (19.0)	41 (7.1)	0.013

Time between first symptom and diagnosis (days) median (IQR)			4 (3–7)	0.872

Symptoms at admission n (%)	Fever	27 (64.3)	263 (45.7)	0.020
	Fatigue	27 (64.3)	265 (46.2)	0.024
	Shortness of breath	19 (45.2)	177 (30.7)	0.050
	Dry cough	27 (64.3)	347 (60.1)	0.596
	Cough with phlegm	4 (9.5)	37 (6.4)	0.513
	Anorexia	7 (16.7)	20 (3.5)	0.001
	Muscle pain	12 (28.6)	131 (22.7)	0.384
	Throat ache	8 (19.0)	77 (13.3)	0.300
	Headache	7 (16.7)	87 (15.1)	0.782
	Diarrhoea	4 (9.5)	46 (8.0)	0.767
	Anosmia	4 (9.5)	26 (4.5)	0.138
COVID-19-related clinical status at the time of diagnosis n (%)	Asymptomatic	1 (2.4)	28 (4.9)	0.713
	Asymptomatic or mild disease	20 (47.6)	498 (86.3)	<0.001
	Moderate-to-severe illness	22 (52.4)	79 (13.7)
Laboratory findings at the time of diagnosis median (IQR)	Haemoglobin (g/dl)	13 (10.7–14.3)	13.3 (12.2–14.3)	0.098
	Neutrophil count (/mm³)	4255 (3070–7142.5)	3520 (2580–4980)	0.043
	Lymphocyte c(/mm³)	945 (705–1377.5)	1400 (1000–1890)	<0.001
	Platelet count (×1000/mm³)	198.5 (150.5–276.5)	200 (156–252)	0.973
	Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/hr)	38 (16–68)	36 (16–59)	0.706
	Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.92 (0.7–1.2)	0.84 (0.695–0.99)	0.158
	Albumin (g/dl)	3.4 (2.9–3.8)	3.8 (3.5–4.1)	<0.001
	AST (IU/L)	31.5 (22–53.75)	28 (22–40)	0.265
	ALT (IU/L)	26.5 (18–45.75)	27 (19–41)	0.730
	LDH (IU/L)	366 (292.25–546)	307.5 (234–420.25)	0.010
	CK (IU/L)	105 (74–263)	87 (57–174)	0.099
	Amylase (IU/L))	63 (49.5–89)	59 (47–79.5)	0.368
	Lipase (IU/L)	35 (18–55)	34.41 (21.34–54)	0.956
	Ferritin (ng/ml)	468.3 (238–824.25)	191 (105.3–404.5)	<0.001
	Lymphopenia n (%)	27 (64.3)	215 (37.3)	0.001

CRP n (%)	Normal	1 (2.4)	86 (14.9)	<0.001
	1–5 times increase	6 (14.3)	202 (35.0)
	5–10 times increase	3 (7.1)	121 (21.0)
	10–20 times increase	12 (28.6)	94 (16.3)
	>20 times increase	20 (47.6)	74 (12.8)

Procalcitonin n (%)	Normal	22 (57.9)	431 (85.9)	<0.001
Procalcitonin n (%)	High	16 (42.1)	71 (14.1)	<0.001

D-dimer n (%)	Normal	16 (39.0)	323 (58.8)	<0.001
	1––<3 times	10 (24.4)	152 (27.7)
	>3 times	15 (36.6)	74 (13.5)

CT n (%)		40 (95.2)	571 (99.1)	0.076

CT findings n (%)	Single lesion	0 (0.0)	20 (3.5)	0.387
	Unilateral multiple lesion	1 (2.5)	42 (7.4)
	Bilateral multiple lesion	36 (90.0)	479 (84.5)
	Completely normal	3 (7.5)	26 (4.6)

Length of hospital stay (days) median (IQR)		15 (7.75–23.25)	8 (5–12)	<0.001

ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK creatinine kinase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computerised thorax tomography; FIB-4, fibrosis index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.