Comparison of the Effect of Ketamine and Dexmedetomidine Combined with Total Intravenous Anesthesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Procedures: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Table 3

Postoperative data (mean ± SD).

	Group KETA (n = 30)	Group DEX (n = 30)	Group C (n = 30)
The first analgesic requirement time (min)	127.47 ± 32.52^+#	59.13 ± 3.18^§	26.33 ± 9.10	^+
				^#
				^§
VAS
Recovery unit	3.17 ± 0.46^+#	4.60 ± 0.68^§	6.33 ± 1.47	^+
				^#
				^§
4 h after operation	3.37 ± 0.77^#	4.47 ± 0.51^§	4.97 ± 0.85	^#
				^§
8 h after operation	3.77 ± 0.97^+#	4.43 ± 0.77^§	4.80 ± 0.76	^+
				^#
				^§
24 h after operation	3.90 ± 0.66^+#	3.47 ± 0.51^§	3.90 ± 0.80	^+
				^#
				^§
48 h after operation	3.0 ± 0.53^#	3.07 ± 0.25^§	2.93 ± 0.37	^+
				^#
				^§
The total amount of morphine consumption
Recovery unit	6.33 ± 1.71^+#	10.00 ± 1.50^§	17.60 ± 6.41	^+
				^#
				^§
4 h after operation	3.30 ± 1.26^+#	7.40 ± 1.67	12.27 ± 3.54	^+
				^#
8 h after operation	1.27 ± 0.52	2.23 ± 0.68^§	2.73 ± 1.59	^§
24 h after operation	1.10 ± 0.48^+#	0.93 ± 0.37^§	1.10 ± 0.31	^+
				^#
				48 h after operation	0.17 ± 0.38^+#	0.83 ± 0.46^§	0.97 ± 0.41	^+
^#
^§
Rescue analgesic drug (n) (%)	9 (30%)^#	15 (50%)^§	28 (93.3%)	^#
				^§

KETA, ketamine group; DEX, dexmedetomidine group; C, control group; NS, not significant. ⁺Compared with group DEX, ^#compared with group C, ^§compared with group C.