Mediatory Effect of Inflammatory Markers (IL-1β and PAI-1) on Association of Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Description of dietary intake within tertiles of DTAC in overweight and obese women (n = 259).

Variables	T1^1	T2	T3	P value	P value
	Mean ± SD
Energy and macronutrients
Energy intake (kcal/d)	2272.564 ± 568.298	2642.461 ± 796.431	2837.647 ± 748.079	<0.001	−
Protein (g/d)	78.271 ± 24.319	90.189 ± 31.129	95.314 ± 28.793	<0.001	0.890
Carbohydrates (g/d)	321.941 ± 93.655	370.609 ± 127.948	407.543 ± 121.537	<0.001	0.503
Total fat (g/d)	81.869 ± 26.508	97.024 ± 36.690	101.689 ± 31.704	<0.001	0.710
Food groups
Whole grains (g/d)	8.108 ± 9.922	6.837 ± 10.110	6.555 ± 8.952	0.533	0.181
Fruits (g/d)	411.467 ± 265.815	480.806 ± 272.618	624.280 ± 344.464	<0.001	0.021
Vegetables (g/d)	379.385 ± 253.359	452.118 ± 259.251	445.944 ± 236.985	0.109	0.594
Nuts (g/d)	11.778 ± 10.898	13.792 ± 17.263	15.370 ± 17.224	0.310	0.985
Legumes (g/d)	53.670 ± 44.318	49.521 ± 37.686	55.714 ± 42.247	0.610	0.391
Tea and coffee (g/d)	304.095 ± 207.827	580.499 ± 221.638	1103.696 ± 443.628	<0.001	0.368
Sweetened beverages (g/d)	20.581 ± 53.259	31.221 ± 68.534	22.561 ± 71.291	0.523	0.477
Refined grains (g/d)	401.556 ± 166.684	417.490 ± 207.439	461.121 ± 232.880	0.141	0.728
Dairy (g/d)	328.685 ± 198.891	387.820 ± 224.714	445.443 ± 267.875	0.005	0.527
Eggs (g/d)	20.490 ± 12.675	22.804 ± 16.562	21.503 ± 12.602	0.559	0.863
Fish and seafood (g/d)	10.572 ± 11.506	12.336 ± 14.719	11.460 ± 10.894	0.653	0.354
Meat (g/d)	53.808 ± 38.603	66.148 ± 56.236	70.869 ± 52.051	0.067	0.613
Fast food^2 (g/d)	19.490 ± 17.868	26.638 ± 27.199	24.026 ± 28.059	0.163	0.979
Vitamins
Vitamin A (IU/d)	657.329 ± 306.822	794.190 ± 450.351	829.259 ± 412.359	0.011	0.767
β-carotene (µg/d)	4324.444 ± 2745.267	5550.012 ± 4249.263	5557.640 ± 3088.847	0.026	0.438
Vitamin C (mg/d)	158.571 ± 103.664	183.619 ± 96.291	225.301 ± 122.146	<0.001	0.133
Vitamin D (µg/d)	1.812 ± 1.375	2.073 ± 1.562	2.165 ± 1.931	0.342	0.891
Vitamin E (IU/d)	16.966 ± 9.442	17.046 ± 9.634	17.293 ± 8.387	0.970	0.220
Thiamin (mg/d)	1.894 ± 0.565	2.091 ± 0.727	2.200 ± 0.662	0.008	0.073
Riboflavin (mg/d)	1.905 ± 0.634	2.263 ± 0.820	2.351 ± 0.841	<0.001	0.648
Niacin (mg/d)	22.470 ± 7.323	26.052 ± 11.698	26.637 ± 8.547	0.007	0.236
Vitamin B6 (µg/d)	1.907 ± 0.587	2.175 ± 0.791	2.338 ± 0.710	<0.001	0.947
Folate (mg/d)	543.213 ± 153.162	595.764 ± 191.544	650.256 ± 168.709	<0.001	0.378
Vitamin B12 (µg/d)	3.797 ± 2.23	4.247 ± 1.953	4.838 ± 2.909	0.018	0.699
Biotin (µg/d)	33.418 ± 13.625	40.261 ± 21.135	40.922 ± 14.771	0.006	0.598
Vitamin B5 (µg/d)	5.727 ± 1.669	6.534 ± 3.040	7.018 ± 2.202	0.002	0.964
Vitamin k (µg/d)	194.883 ± 119.059	241.906 ± 324.028	210.072 ± 126.552	0.334	0.358
Minerals
Sodium (mg/d)	3858.392 ± 1330.366	4301.205 ± 1576.472	4446.184 ± 1381.830	0.021	0.510
Potassium (mg/d)	3558.357 ± 1311.779	4291.144 ± 1601.739	4944.556 ± 1548.121	<0.001	0.006
Calcium (mg/d)	1016.170 ± 345.165	1188.614 ± 457.575	1278.289 ± 468.104	<0.001	0.851
Iron (mg/d)	16.649 ± 4.913	19.856 ± 14.399	19.861 ± 5.732	0.036	0.213
Magnesium (mg/d)	392.680 ± 124.269	457.339 ± 155.461	506.831 ± 142.959	<0.001	0.185
Zinc (g/d)	11.249 ± 3.385	13.035 ± 4.293	13.940 ± 4.310	<0.001	0.984
Copper (mg/d)	1.797 ± 0.571	2.000 ± 0.895	2.098 ± 0.657	0.021	0.095
Manganese (mg/d)	5.811 ± 2.097	6.872 ± 2.975	8.089 ± 2.385	<0.001	0.003
Selenium (µg/d)	109.380 ± 37.942	122.295 ± 47.856	126.290 ± 43.275	0.028	0.194
Chromium (mg/d)	0.100 ± 0.082	0.112 ± 0.093	0.120 ± 0.085	0.307	0.907
Other components
Vegetable oils (g/d)	22.649 ± 20.375	23.899 ± 25.449	24.284 ± 20.551	0.880	<0.001
SFA (g/d)	23.759 ± 8.395	28.643 ± 10.693	30.800 ± 12.029	<0.001	0.592
MUFA (g/d)	28.042 ± 10.257	32.205 ± 13.058	33.025 ± 11.663	0.012	0.638
PUFA (g/d)	18.735 ± 8.499	20.349 ± 10.674	20.670 ± 8.350	0.338	0.393
Linoleic (g/d)	16.296 ± 8.192	17.554 ± 10.116	17.785 ± 7.783	0.486	0.419
Linolenic (g/d)	1.136 ± 0.636	1.247 ± 0.726	1.307 ± 0.702	0.259	0.711
EPA (g/d)	0.029 ± 0.035	0.035 ± 0.041	0.032 ± 0.035	0.560	0.763
DHA (g/d)	0.096 ± 0.108	0.115 ± 0.131	0.108 ± 0.108	0.544	0.755
Trans fatty acid (g/d)	0.000 ± 0.002	0.000 ± 0.003	0.001 ± 0.002	0.592	0.690
Total fiber (g/d)	40.793 ± 17.537	46.660 ± 21.898	47.036 ± 17.800	0.058	0.126
Caffeine (mg/d)	64.554 ± 43.754	121.258 ± 46.183	225.582 ± 89.754	<0.001	<0.001

DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; DTAC, dietary total antioxidant capacity; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MUFA, monosaturated fat; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fat. 1, T1: <837.305(n = 86), T2: 837.305–1287.032(n = 86), T3: <1287.032(n = 87). 2. Fast food consists of pizza, hamburger, sausage, and mortadella. P values result from the ANOVA test. P value reported after adjusting energy intake with ANCOVA. P value <0.05 is considered a significant level. In the crude model and after adjustment for confounders, significant relationships between food groups and DTAC are shown in bold.