Review Article

The Effect of Short Sleep Duration on the Development of Asthma

Table 1

Risk factors related to asthma control, exacerbations, and death.

(A) Risk factors related to asthma control
 Irrational drug use
 Exposures (smoking, allergen exposure, and air pollution)
 Low lung function (especially FEV 1 < 60%)
  Rhinitis
  Rhinosinusitis
  Gastroesophageal reflux
  Obesity
  Obstructive sleep apnea
  Major psychological or socioeconomic problems (depression and anxiety)
 Confirmed food allergy
 Type 2 inflammation
 History of asthma exacerbations

(B) Risk factors related to asthma exacerbations
 Viral respiratory infections
  Allergen exposure
  Food allergy
  Outdoor air pollution
  Seasonal changes
  Poor adherence to ICS
  Epidemics of severe asthma exacerbations

(C) Risk factors related to asthma deaths
 A history of near-fatal asthma requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation
  Hospitalization or emergency care visit for asthma in the past year
  Currently using or having recently stopped using oral corticosteroids
  Not currently using inhaled corticosteroids
  Overuse of SABAs
  Major psychiatric disease or psychosocial problems (depression and anxiety)
 Poor adherence to asthma medications
  Food allergy in a patient with asthma

The contents of the table are in references to GINA 2020.