Homocysteine Is a Marker of Increased Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Psoriatic Patients, but It Does Not Reflect the Effect of Biological Therapy in the Longitudinal Observation

Table 1

Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory tests of the psoriatic patients.

	Whole sample (N = 76) (100%)	Patient subgroups	Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)	value (binary logistic regression)
		HCYS-normal level (N = 41) (53.9%), M = 11.23 (SD = 2.09)	HCYS-elevated level (N = 35) (46.1%), M = 21.92 (SD = 12.06)
Demographics (categorical)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Gender (female vs. male)	19 (25.0%)/57 (75.0%)	11 (26.8%)/30 (73.2%)	8 (22.9%)/27 (77.1%)	0.808 (0.283–2.306)	0.690
Family history of PsO (positive)	34 (44.7%)	21 (51.2%)	13 (37.1%)	0.563 (0.224–1.411)	0.220
Demographics (continuous)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)		value
PsO-duration (years)	20.62 (11.49)	21.76 (9.49)	19.29 (13.49)	0.981 (0.942–1.021)	0.367
Age (at time of examination)	46.70 (13.16)	44.59 (11.21)	49.17 (14.92)	1.028 (0.992–1.066)	0.131
PASI (input value)	23.55 (7.70)	22.75 (6.68)	24.50 (8.76)	1.031 (0.971–1.094)	0.325
BMI	31.51 (6.96)	30.09 (7.88)	32.92 (6.02)	1.067 (0.921–1.238)	0.388
Comorbidities (categorical) (positive vs. negative)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)		value
Smoking (yes)	34 (44.7%)	21 (51.2%)	13 (37.1%)	0.563 (0.224–1.411)	0.219
Alcoholism (yes)	24 (31.6%)	14 (34.1%)	10 (28.6%)	0.771 (0.290–2.049)	0.603
PsA	37 (48.7%)	23 (56.1%)	14 (40.0%)	0.522 (0.209–1.303)	0.164
Arterial hypertension	38 (50.0%)	18 (43.9%)	20 (57.1%)	1.704 (0.686–4.234)	0.251
CCVD	15 (19.7%)	4 (9.8%)	11 (31.4%)	4.240 (1.209–14.863)	0.024
DM II	18 (23.7)	10 (24.4%)	8 (22.9%)	0.919 (0.317–2.660)	0.876
Hepatopathy	32 (42.1)	15 (36.6%)	17 (48.6)	1.637 (0.654–4.101)	0.293
Dyslipidaemia	37 (48.7)	20 (48.8%)	17 (48.6%)	0.992 (0.402–2.445)	0.985
Autoimmune thyroiditis	4 (5.3%)	2 (4.9%)	2 (5.7%)	1.887 (0.297–12.005)	0.871
Depression	6 (7.9%)	1 (2.4%)	5 (14.3%)	3.284 (0.778–13.856)	0.105
IBD	3 (3.9%)	2 (4.9%)	1 (2.9%)	1.219 (0.162–9.141)	0.652
Kidney disease	3 (3.9%)	3 (7.3%)	0	n/a	0.102
Respiratory disease	6 (7.9%)	3 (7.3%)	3 (8.6%)	1.689 (0.351–8.131)	0.513
Glaucoma	2 (2.6%)	1 (2.4%)	1 (2.9%)	1.212 (0.073–20.131)	0.893
Cataract	3 (3.9%)	1 (2.4%)	2 (5.7%)	0.895 (0.186–4.308)	0.890
Lab tests (categorical)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)		value
ESR (elevated level)	42 (55.3%)	22 (53.7%)	20 (52.9%)	1.152 (0.464–2.856)	0.761
Lab tests (continuous)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)		value
HCYS (µmol/mL)	16.14 (8.91)	11.23 (2.09)	21.92 (12.06)	n/a	n/a
CRP (mg/l)	3.85 (4.37)	3.15 (3.60)	4.68 (5.08)	1.088 (0.967–1.224)	0.159
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.26 (1.27)	5.35 (1.02)	5.14 (1.52)	0.877 (0.607–1.267)	0.483
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.82 (1.22)	1.91 (1.13)	1.17 (1.33)	0.879 (0.592–1.303)	0.520
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.26 (0.39)	1.32 (0.42)	1.18 (0.35)	0.364 (0.092–1.435)	0.149
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.21 (0.98)	3.21 (0.91)	3.21 (1.07)	1.000 (0.611–1.638)	0.999
Bilirubin (µmol/L)	12.34 (6.23)	11.12 (5.53)	13.78 (6.76)	1.076 (0.993–1.166)	0.073
ALT (µkat/L)	0.53 (0.34)	0.49 (0.33)	0.58 (0.36)	2.076 (0.527–8.173)	0.296
GMT (µkat/L)	0.69 (0.78)	0.55 (0.31)	0.85 (1.10)	2.668 (0.756–9.414)	0.127
ALP (µkat/L)	1.31 (0.40)	1.26 (0.35)	1.36 (0.46)	1.861 (0.584–5.927)	0.293
AMS (µkat/L)	0.92 (0.37)	0.95 (0.36)	0.88 (0.37)	0.601 (0.159–2.270)	0.452

Abbreviations. ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AMS: amylase; BMI: body mass index; CCVD: cardio-cerebrovascular diseases; CRP: C-reactive protein; DM II: diabetes mellitus type 2; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GMT: gamma glutamyl transpeptidase; HCYS: homocysteine; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PASI: Psoriasis Area Severity Index; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; PsO: psoriasis. . n/a: statistical analysis not applicable. Absolute and relative (%) prevalence or mean value with standard deviation (SD), respectively, presented for the whole sample and the HCYS subgroups. Subgroup difference or variable effect is presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and its value; statistical significance level is .