The Association between Energy-Adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index, Body Composition, and Anthropometric Indices in COVID-19-Infected Patients: A Case-Control Study in Shiraz, Iran
Table 2
Characteristics of participants according to quartile of E-DII, COVID-19 case-control study nested within the Cohort Study of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS), 2017–2021.
Variables
1st quartile∗
2nd quartile∗∗
3rd quartile∗∗∗
4th quartile∗∗∗∗
value
Gender, N (%)
0.001
Female
78 (68.4)
61 (53.5)
52 (45.6)
58 (51.3)
Male
36 (31.6)
53 (46.5)
62 (54.4)
55 (48.7)
COVID-19, N (%)
≤0.001
Yes
6 (5.3)
18 (15.8)
33 (28.9)
76 (67.3)
No
108 (94.7)
96 (84.2)
81 (71.1)
37 (32.7)
Smoking habits, N (%)
0.57
Nonsmoker
100 (87.7)
97 (85.1)
93 (81.6)
98 (80.7)
Smoker
14 (12.3)
17 (14.9)
21 (18.4)
15 (13.3)
Age, (year), mean (SD)
41.54 (6.72)
40.75 (6.31)
39.68 (6.32)
39.97 (6.99)
0.16
Weight, (kg), mean (SD)
71.91 (12.88)
73.95 (14.94)
75.94 (13.95)
73.02 (13.85)
0.07
BMI, (kg/m2), mean (SD)
26.84 (4.14)
26.94 (4.11)
27.12 (4.28)
26.61 (4.22)
0.74
Food parameters, mean (SD)
Vitamin A (μg/day)
758.38 (828.96)
792.26 (551.93)
1013.27 (981.08)
1062.02 (615.96)
≤0.001
Βeta-carotene (μg/day)
4195.05 (3751.54)
3623.80 (3427.30)
3346.71 (3190.90)
1665.86 (1695.02)
≤0.001
Vitamin D (μg/day)
1.61 (1.16)
1.65 (1.35)
1.52 (1.88)
1.43 (1.65)
0.01
Vitamin E (mg/day)
22.49 (11.18)
23.86 (14.01)
23.30 (13.80)
26.34 (16.71)
0.28
Vitamin C (mg/day)
184.45 (112.36)
196.3 (135.82)
177.58 (99.82)
181.61 (90.06)
0.94
Thiamin, B1 (mg/day)
2.67 (2.13)
2.52 (1.06)
2.41 (1.16)
2.20 (0.65)
0.23
Riboflavin, B2 (mg/day)
2.75 (1.75)
2.49 (1.11)
2.36 (1.27)
2.08 (0.70)
0.001
Niacin, B3 (mg/day)
28.95 (20.71)
28.18 (10.45)
26.96 (11.56)
25.61 (7.36)
0.37
Pyridoxine, B6 (mg/day)
2.36 (1.52)
2.36 (0.85)
2.28 (0.93)
2.17 (0.56)
0.64
Folate, B9 (μg/day)
734.36 (383.95)
719.10 (293.84)
640.19 (306.29)
498.97 (204.57)
≤0.001
Cobalamin, B12 (μg/day)
4.13 (7.56)
5.87 (2.46)
4.01 (4.37)
4.30 (3.17)
0.28
MUFA (g/day)
29.13 (14.50)
28.83 (11.77)
26.12 (11.31)
26.19 (11.59)
0.10
PUFA (g/day)
22.96 (10.06)
23.59 (10.96)
22.62 (11.03)
27.29 (13.45)
0.01
Omega-6 (g/day)
20.52 (9.37)
21.15 (10.53)
20.77 (10.62)
24.41 (13.01)
0.02
Omega-3 (g/day)
1.03 (0.71)
1.00 (0.68)
0.81 (0.50)
0.65 (0.46)
≤0.001
Iron (mg/day)
43.16 (42.28)
39.77 (32.85)
36.93 (32.51)
25.78 (13.07)
≤0.001
Zinc (mg/day)
14.91 (10.22)
13.27 (4.71)
12.53 (4.91)
11.64 (3.61)
0.002
Magnesium (mg/day)
512.65 (428.63)
452.20 (170.55)
423.79 (187.68)
362.69 (120.01)
≤0.001
Selenium (mg/day)
134.30 (175.36)
109.93 (69.03)
89.27 (82.70)
40.29 (63.13)
≤0.001
Fiber (g/day)
59.15 (46.81)
60.99 (41.85)
47.72 (26.17)
31.55 (18.21)
≤0.001
Total fat (g/day)
79.49 (39.98)
79.69 (28.67)
74.44 (28.31)
82.10 (29.33)
0.23
Cholesterol (mg/day)
245.29 (154.93)
261.50 (137.20)
240.39 (177.10)
263.85 (116.31)
0.03
Saturated fat (g/day)
19.05 (15.30)
19.07 (6.99)
17.82 (7.12)
18.97 (6.13)
0.33
Trans-fat (g/day)
00 (00)
00 (00)
00 (00)
00 (00)
0.43
∗Quartile 1 = ≤−2.76; Quartile 2 = −2.75 – (-) 1.65; Quartile 3 = −1.64 – (-) 0.55; Quartile 4 ≥ −0.54. ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous variables and Chi-square was used for categorical variables. E-DII: energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index; BMI: body mass index; BFM: body fat mass; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; FFM: fat-free mass; SMM: skeletal muscle mass; VFA: visceral fat area.
