High Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Tehranian Adults
Table 2
Dietary intakes of study participants according to the quartiles of dietary diabetes risk reduction score.
Dietary diabetes risk reduction score quartiles
for trend
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Dietary diabetes risk reduction score
16.51 ± 1.82
19.47 ± 2.28
21.45 ± 2.28
24.33 ± 2.73
DDRRS components
Cereal fiber (g/d)
11.21 (6.87–18.34)
13.56 (8.32–24.40)
18.18 (10.32–30.43)
20.47 (12.13–33.03)
<0.001
Coffee (cup/week)
0.00 (0.00–0.04)
0.02 (0.00–0.23)
0.03 (0.00–0.30)
0.23 (0.01–0.70)
<0.001
PUFA/SFA
0.55 (0.44–0.74)
0.60 (0.46–0.77)
0.63 (0.50–0.80)
0.63 (0.56–0.86)
<0.001
Nuts (serving/week)
0.21 ± 0.02
0.42 ± 0.02
0.56 ± 0.02
0.77 ± 0.03
<0.001
Red and processed meat (serving/d)
0.52 (0.33–0.80)
0.41 (0.24–0.66)
0.39 (0.24–0.58)
0.33 (0.21–0.51)
<0.001
Glycemic index
65.21 ± 13.21
62.53 ± 14.12
60.71 ± 15.03
57.17 ± 17.31
0.002
Sugar sweetened beverages (serving/week)
0.52 (0.26–1.12)
0.26 (0.10–1.12)
0.26 (0.06–0.79)
0.10 (0.02–0.26)
<0.001
Trans fatty acids (% energy)
0.19 (0.11–0.27)
0.17 (0.08–0.25)
0.14 (0.07–0.22)
0.10 (0.05–0.20)
0.001
Other nutritional factors
Total energy intake (kcal/day)
2206 ± 1275
2258 ± 1367
2351 ± 1485
2351 ± 1699
0.142
Protein (% energy)
13.60 ± 4.10
13.57 ± 4.56
13.62 ± 5.01
13.92 ± 5.92
0.305
Animal protein (% energy)
2.10 ± 0.03
1.93 ± 0.03
1.80 ± 0.03
1.68 ± 0.04
0.006
Plant protein (% energy)
11.50 ± 2.50
11.64 ± 2.64
11.82 ± 2.90
12.24 ± 3.43
0.013
Carbohydrate (% energy)
55.52 ± 12.30
56.97 ± 13.67
58.47 ± 14.58
60.01 ± 16.86
0.007
Total sugar (% energy)
19.93 ± 10.02
20.71 ± 10.94
21.44 ± 11.85
22.75 ± 13.21
0.015
Dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal)
12.58 (9.81–16.49)
14.48 (11.65–18.40)
16.62 (13.52–21.26)
18.53 (15.80–22.48)
<0.001
Total fat (% energy)
32.70 ± 12.30
31.94 ± 13.21
30.66 ± 14.12
29.42 ± 16.40
0.003
Saturated fat (% energy)
11.01 (9.18–13.21)
10.65 (8.73–12.40)
9.88 (8.49–11.52)
9.09 (7.53–10.60)
0.007
Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal)
47.81 (33.65–67.63)
53.43 (37.72–79.81)
61.23 (38.05–85.84)
63.31 (42.51–93.58)
<0.001
Sodium (mg/1000 kcal)
1502 (1182–2370)
1590 (1225–2348)
1568 (1256–2298)
1621 (1284–2219)
0.400
Potassium (mg/1000 kcal)
1546 ± 756
1636 ± 811
1679 ± 879
1770 ± 1007
0.002
Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal)
151.5 ± 55.13
161.4 ± 59.23
168.8 ± 64.24
188.9 ± 73.36
0.016
Data are presented as mean ± SD for normally distributed continuous variables, median (25–75 interquartile range) for skewed continuous variables, and percentages for categorical variables. DDRRS: dietary diabetes risk reduction score; PUFA/SFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids.
