Real-World Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers versus Other Antihypertensives in Reducing All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events

Figure 3

Risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and Fine and Gray model for the event of cardiovascular mortality. Differences in risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were assessed using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models (HR) and fine and gray proportional SHR, considering discontinuation as a competing event. Models were adjusted for age at index year; sex; time from hypertension diagnosis; smoking status; BMI; diastolic BP; systolic BP; angina; stroke; arrhythmia; chronic heart failure; myocardial infarction; peripheral vascular diseases; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; and renal impairment. 98.7% CIs were generated using a Bonferroni correction (1–(0.05/4)) to account for multiple comparisons. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person years; SHR, sub-distribution hazard ratio.