Real-World Effectiveness of Beta-Blockers versus Other Antihypertensives in Reducing All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events

Figure 6

Risk of hemorrhagic stroke and Fine and Gray model for the event of hemorrhagic stroke. Differences in risk of hemorrhagic stroke were assessed using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models (HR) and fine and gray proportional SHR, considering discontinuation as a competing event. Models were adjusted for age at index year; sex; time from hypertension diagnosis; smoking status; BMI; diastolic BP; systolic BP; angina; stroke; arrhythmia; chronic heart failure; myocardial infarction; peripheral vascular diseases; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; and renal impairment. 98.7% CIs were generated using a Bonferroni correction (1–(0.05/4)) to account for multiple comparisons. ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person years; SHR, sub-distribution hazard ratio.