Epidemiological Trends of Urolithiasis at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: A Population-Based Study

Table 2

The death cases and ASDR in 1990 and 2019 and its up-to-date trends from 1990 to 2019.

	1990		2019		1990–2019
	Deaths cases no. 10^2 (95% UI)	ASDR per 100,000 No. (95% UI)	Deaths cases no. 10^2 (95% UI)	ASDR per 100,000 no. (95% UI)	EAPC no. (95% CI)
Overall	113.38 [72.78–137.77]	0.3 [0.2–0.37]	132.79 [106.16–162.67]	0.17 [0.14–0.21]	−2.05 [−2.25 to −1.85]
Sex
Female	51.84 [35.12–61.16]	0.25 [0.17–0.29]	63.48 [51.75–82.92]	0.15 [0.12–0.19]	−2.05 [−2.25 to −1.85]
Male	61.54 [30.77–80.34]	0.38 [0.2–0.5]	69.31 [44.97–91.42]	0.2 [0.13–0.26]	−2.05 [−2.25 to −1.85]
Sociodemographic index
High SDI	13.33 [11.03–16.31]	0.13 [0.1–0.16]	22.41 [17.67–30.28]	0.1 [0.08–0.14]	−0.09 [−0.53 to 0.34]
High-middle SDI	37.9 [29.85–43.71]	0.37 [0.29–0.43]	35.05 [30.24–43.39]	0.18 [0.15–0.22]	−2.76 [−3.08 to −2.44]
Middle SDI	34.58 [16.81–44.28]	0.37 [0.18–0.48]	41.14 [28.21–52.7]	0.18 [0.13–0.24]	−2.61 [−2.74 to −2.47]
Low-middle SDI	22.93 [8.3–33.21]	0.41 [0.15–0.62]	27.55 [13.96–36.62]	0.22 [0.11–0.29]	−2.38 [−2.52 to −2.24]
Low SDI	4.59 [2.68–6.9]	0.22 [0.12–0.36]	6.57 [4.16–9.61]	0.15 [0.1–0.23]	−1.35 [−1.4 to −1.29]
Region
Andean Latin America	0.15 [0.07–0.21]	0.07 [0.04–0.1]	0.36 [0.17–0.5]	0.06 [0.03–0.09]	0.16 [−0.05 to 0.38]
Australasia	0.47 [0.37–0.56]	0.2 [0.16–0.24]	0.55 [0.44–0.74]	0.1 [0.08–0.14]	−2.15 [−2.74 to −1.56]
Caribbean	0.35 [0.27–0.44]	0.13 [0.1–0.17]	0.92 [0.68–1.23]	0.18 [0.13–0.24]	1.6 [1.43 to 1.77]
Central Asia	1.2 [0.84–1.85]	0.27 [0.19–0.42]	2.43 [1.87–3.56]	0.44 [0.32–0.69]	1.74 [1.38 to 2.11]
Central Europe	5.94 [5.14–8.83]	0.42 [0.36–0.62]	1.44 [1.14–1.85]	0.07 [0.05–0.08]	−6.31 [−7.33 to −5.27]
Central Latin America	1.85 [1.49–2.17]	0.22 [0.17–0.26]	4.91 [3.94–6.88]	0.21 [0.17–0.29]	−0.14 [−0.38 to 0.09]
Central sub-Saharan Africa	0.31 [0.15–0.54]	0.14 [0.06–0.23]	0.56 [0.29–0.95]	0.11 [0.05–0.19]	−0.78 [−0.92 to −0.63]
East Asia	40.73 [18.5–51.36]	0.55 [0.25–0.69]	26.96 [18.32–36.57]	0.15 [0.1–0.2]	−4.93 [−5.23 to −4.63]
Eastern Europe	17.99 [15.39–23.08]	0.65 [0.56–0.83]	18.93 [15.49–22.84]	0.55 [0.45–0.66]	−0.84 [−1.3 to −0.37]
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa	1.4 [0.82–2.44]	0.23 [0.13–0.37]	2.3 [1.32–4.12]	0.2 [0.12–0.34]	−0.54 [−0.58 to −0.5]
High-income Asia Pacific	1.23 [0.92–1.52]	0.07 [0.05–0.09]	7.05 [5.04–9.64]	0.11 [0.09–0.15]	2.6 [2.32 to 2.88]
High-income North America	3.35 [2.65–4.14]	0.09 [0.07–0.11]	6.24 [5.12–8.49]	0.09 [0.08–0.13]	0.8 [0.43 to 1.18]
North Africa and middle East	0.48 [0.28–0.81]	0.03 [0.01–0.06]	1.16 [0.7–1.51]	0.03 [0.02–0.04]	1.06 [0.78 to 1.35]
Oceania	0.05 [0.02–0.08]	0.17 [0.06–0.28]	0.09 [0.03–0.15]	0.12 [0.05–0.2]	−1.22 [−1.32 to −1.12]
South Asia	16.18 [7.39–25.81]	0.33 [0.15–0.56]	20.82 [12.24–30.82]	0.16 [0.1–0.25]	−2.65 [−2.76 to −2.54]
Southeast Asia	12.07 [3.2–17.8]	0.5 [0.15–0.74]	21.85 [6.95–29.47]	0.4 [0.13–0.55]	−0.88 [−1.01 to −0.74]
Southern Latin America	0.12 [0.1–0.16]	0.03 [0.02–0.04]	0.34 [0.26–0.44]	0.04 [0.03–0.05]	1.13 [0.72 to 1.54]
Southern sub-Saharan Africa	0.17 [0.11–0.23]	0.05 [0.04–0.07]	0.29 [0.2–0.39]	0.05 [0.04–0.07]	−0.17 [−0.86 to 0.52]
Tropical Latin America	0.88 [0.67–1.06]	0.1 [0.07–0.12]	5.52 [4.33–9.31]	0.23 [0.18–0.39]	4 [3.75 to 4.25]
Western Europe	7.68 [5.71–8.68]	0.13 [0.1–0.15]	8.84 [7.29–12.37]	0.08 [0.07–0.12]	−1.11 [−1.57 to −0.66]
Western sub-Saharan Africa	0.79 [0.3–1.32]	0.11 [0.04–0.19]	1.24 [0.53–1.75]	0.08 [0.03–0.11]	−1.29 [−1.39 to −1.2]

ASDR: age-standardized death rate; EAPC: estimated annual percentage change; CI: confidence interval; UI: uncertainty interval.