Epidemiological Trends of Urolithiasis at the Global, Regional, and National Levels: A Population-Based Study

Table 3

The DALYs and age-standardized DALYs rate in 1990 and 2019 and its up-to-date trends from 1990 to 2019.

	1990		2019		1990–2019
	DALY no. 10^3 (95% UI)	Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 no. (95% UI)	DALY no. 10^3 (95% UI)	Age-standardized DALY rate per 100,000 no. (95% UI)	EAPC no. (95% CI)
Overall	5167.31 [3741.33–6357.17]	11.75 [8.57–14.39]	6043.09 [4773.54–7451.94]	7.35 [5.82–9.04]	−1.77 [−1.92 to −1.63]
Sex
Female	2081.58 [1524.74–2490.71]	9.11 [6.73–10.91]	2420.08 [1939.13–2990.58]	5.72 [4.58–7.07]	−1.77 [−1.92 to −1.63]
Male	3085.73 [2071.94–3928.78]	14.76 [9.92–18.82]	3623.01 [2744.39–4545.58]	9.1 [6.92–11.34]	−1.77 [−1.92 to −1.63]
Sociodemographic index
High SDI	646.46 [496.31–818.12]	6.68 [5.07–8.53]	802.64 [626.22–1005.97]	5.3 [3.99–6.75]	−0.5 [−0.69 to −0.31]
High-middle SDI	1639.97 [1331.4–1970.73]	14.68 [11.99–17.61]	1525.21 [1218.89–1871.38]	7.94 [6.33–9.79]	−2.41 [−2.62 to −2.21]
Middle SDI	1587.67 [1017.33–1981.05]	12.91 [8.23–16.13]	1943.09 [1505–2400.21]	7.49 [5.81–9.17]	−2.12 [−2.26 to −1.98]
Low-middle SDI	1047.82 [568.37–1355.54]	13.86 [7.44–18.79]	1359.64 [975.4–1738.97]	8.85 [6.24–11.25]	−1.74 [−1.83 to −1.64]
Low SDI	243.48 [169.25–332.3]	7.6 [5.21–10.43]	409.03 [295.81–547.9]	5.88 [4.33–7.87]	−0.96 [−1.01 to −0.9]
Region
Andean Latin America	17.25 [11.89–23.21]	6.32 [4.46–8.49]	39.33 [28.3–52.39]	6.4 [4.62–8.44]	0.28 [0.19 to 0.37]
Australasia	17.77 [14.28–21.92]	7.78 [6.25–9.65]	21.81 [16.67–28.01]	5.37 [4.04–6.95]	−1.13 [−1.42 to −0.83]
Caribbean	19.29 [14.76–24.78]	6.61 [5.13–8.3]	41.58 [32.06–53.23]	8.14 [6.26–10.45]	1.08 [0.98 to 1.18]
Central Asia	57.19 [42.34–76.35]	10.83 [8.05–14.57]	95.98 [75.68–120.04]	12.42 [9.88–15.89]	0.29 [0.12 to 0.47]
Central Europe	193.89 [159.39–263.24]	13.51 [11.06–18.26]	74.32 [56.83–96.06]	4.52 [3.4–5.95]	−3.18 [−3.6 to −2.76]
Central Latin America	88.28 [74.03–105.22]	8.21 [6.86–9.78]	205.88 [167.4–263.13]	8.24 [6.7–10.57]	0.06 [−0.2 to 0.32]
Central sub-Saharan Africa	16.32 [10.42–26.29]	5.02 [3.11–7.83]	32.89 [21.94–47.33]	4.33 [2.77–6.34]	−0.54 [−0.64 to −0.45]
East Asia	1621.28 [961.22–2002.29]	16.61 [9.81–20.36]	1075.6 [841.94–1343.94]	5.35 [4.17–6.69]	−4.43 [−4.69 to −4.16]
Eastern Europe	809.3 [661.25–979.1]	29.44 [24.01–35.53]	729.69 [586.18–893.37]	23.61 [18.69–29.23]	−1.09 [−1.36 to −0.82]
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa	67.41 [44.29–111.06]	6.37 [4.24–10.05]	106.78 [69.37–162.09]	4.83 [3.18–7.5]	−1.09 [−1.16 to −1.03]
High-income Asia Pacific	109.59 [77.09–148.23]	5.48 [3.91–7.35]	188.89 [145.15–237.34]	5.7 [4.18–7.45]	0.25 [0.16 to 0.34]
High-income North America	197.48 [147.12–256.27]	6.16 [4.55–8.08]	234.06 [187.71–290.06]	4.52 [3.59–5.63]	−1.01 [−1.29 to −0.72]
North Africa and middle East	98.26 [67.05–135.2]	3.95 [2.73–5.46]	235.59 [159.04–328.15]	4.1 [2.82–5.65]	0.2 [0.16 to 0.25]
Oceania	3.03 [1.69–4.27]	7.31 [3.99–10.28]	6.2 [3.82–8.72]	6.25 [3.86–8.8]	−0.58 [−0.63 to −0.52]
South Asia	842.78 [536.3–1134.41]	11.47 [7.08–16.51]	1355.04 [979.19–1806.73]	8.33 [6–11.1]	−1.2 [−1.31 to −1.1]
Southeast Asia	530.34 [243.98–712.9]	17.17 [7.93–23.59]	857.45 [460.68–1090.19]	13.06 [6.92–16.54]	−1.15 [−1.25 to −1.06]
Southern Latin America	24.78 [16.71–34.52]	5.23 [3.53–7.3]	41.49 [28.43–57.6]	5.54 [3.78–7.74]	−0.07 [−0.17 to 0.02]
Southern sub-Saharan Africa	15.18 [11.11–19.23]	3.71 [2.85–4.68]	25.02 [18.71–32.63]	3.46 [2.63–4.44]	−0.22 [−0.6 to 0.15]
Tropical Latin America	64.63 [51.08–80.92]	5.43 [4.34–6.76]	211.87 [169.2–298.86]	8.55 [6.84–12.13]	2.07 [1.93 to 2.2]
Western Europe	326.16 [254–411.6]	6.55 [5.04–8.41]	368.39 [275.06–474.37]	5.55 [3.99–7.28]	−0.03 [−0.21 to 0.14]
Western sub-Saharan Africa	47.11 [29.76–65.05]	4.12 [2.55–5.79]	95.22 [65.48–126.5]	3.61 [2.42–4.79]	−0.45 [−0.49 to −0.42]

DALYs: disability adjusted life-years; EAPC: estimated annual percentage change; CI: confidence interval; UI: uncertainty interval.