Biomarkers for Predicting the Occurrence and Progression of Atrial Fibrillation: Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 Protein and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1
Table 1
Baseline clinical characteristics.
Characteristic
Sinus rhythm (n = 110)
Paroxysmal AF (n = 113)
Pa value
Persistent AF (n = 136)
Pb value
Pc value
Age (years)
47.0 (36.0–62.0)
62.0 (52.0–66.0)
<0.001
62.0 (52.0–69.0)
<0.001
0.436
Male (n, %)
50 (45.5)
72 (63.7)
0.006
97 (71.3)
<0.001
0.201
BMI
25.0 (22.4–27.5)
25.5 (23.5–28.4)
0.060
26.5 (24.2–29.1)
0.003
0.237
CAD
5 (4.6)
13 (11.5)
0.056
16 (11.8)
0.044
0.949
HTN
28 (25.5)
57 (50.4)
<0.001
78 (57.4)
<0.001
0.276
DM
13 (11.8)
16 (14.2)
0.603
17 (12.5)
0.871
0.701
HF
4 (3.6)
4 (3.6)
0.979
12 (8.8)
0.101
0.094
Smoking
9 (8.2)
38 (33.6)
<0.001
28 (20.6)
0.007
0.020
Drinking
4 (3.6)
4 (3.5)
0.969
11 (8.1)
0.147
0.133
CHA2DS2-VASc (n, %)
0.034
0.007
0.629
0 or 1
81 (73.6)
66 (58.4)
74 (54.4)
2 or 3
25 (22.7)
36 (31.9)
51 (37.5)
≥4
4 (3.6)
11 (9.7)
11 (8.1)
Mean
0.45
1.5
0.04
1.69
0.004
0.378
HAS-BLED score
≥3 (n (%))
2 (1.8)
8 (7.1)
0.058
5 (3.7)
0.383
0.229
LA (mm)
35.0 (32.0–38.0)
38.5 (35.0–42.0)
<0.001
43.0 (40.0–46.0)
<0.001
<0.001
LVEF (%)
65.0 (60.0–68.0)
63.0 (60.0–66.0)
0.031
61.0 (56.0–66.0)
<0.001
0.015
LVEDD (mm)
47.5 (45.0–50.0)
47.0 (45.0–50.0)
0.387
48.5 (45.0–52.0)
0.112
0.005
LVESD (mm)
30.0 (28.0–33.0)
31.0 (28.0–33.0)
0.555
32.0 (28.0–36.0)
0.032
0.046
CAD: coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; LA: left atrium diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic dimension. Pa: paroxysmal vs. control, Pb: persistent vs. control, and Pc: persistent vs. paroxysmal.
