Biomarkers for Predicting the Occurrence and Progression of Atrial Fibrillation: Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 Protein and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1
Table 2
Laboratory examination of participants stratified according to AF status.
Characteristic
Sinus rhythm (n = 110)
Paroxysmal AF(n = 113)
Pa value
Persistent AF(n = 136)
Pb value
Pc value
RBC (109/l)
4.7 (4.4–5.0)
4.7 (4.4–5.0)
0.712
4.8 (4.5–5.2)
0.014
0.033
WBC (109/l)
6.5 (5.6–7.7)
6.4 (5.7–7.6)
0.872
6.6 (5.5–7.5)
0.844
0.827
PLT (1012/l)
237.5 (206.0–281.0)
215.0 (184.0–246.0)
0.001
210.0 (178.5–243.5)
<0.001
0.393
Hb (g/l)
144.0 (135.0–155.0)
148.0 (139–160)
0.012
152.0 (142.0–162.0)
<0.001
0.155
CREA (umol/l)
62.1 (52.4–75.2)
69.9 (59.8–80.2)
0.001
74.0 (63.6–82.9)
<0.001
0.116
GLU (mmol/l)
5.2 (4.9–5.8)
5.5 (5.1–6.1)
0.004
5.5 (5.1–6.6)
<0.001
0.190
GA (%)
13.4 (12.4–14.8)
14.1 (13.3–15.3)
0.013
14.3 (13.0–15.9)
0.008
0.651
HCY (umol/l)
11.8 (9.2–14.1)
12.6 (10.7–15.2)
0.059
13.7 (11.7–17.8)
<0.001
0.015
TIMP-1 (ng/ml)
67.4 (56.9–81.3)
89.7 (70.6–115.5)
<0.001
127.3 (87.0–173.7)
<0.001
<0.001
sST2 (pg/ml)
9.1 (6.7–12.4)
14.0 (10.4–20.8)
<0.001
19.0 (13.1–27.8)
<0.001
<0.001
BNP (pg/ml)
32.0 (10.0–74.0)
67.0 (32.0–123.0)
<0.001
125.0 (87.0–215.0)
<0.001
<0.001
ALT (U/l)
18.5 (14.0–29.0)
21.0 (16.0–29.0)
0.222
21.0 (15.5–29.0)
0.303
0.766
AST (U/l)
21.5 (18.0–26.0)
22.0 (18.0–26.0)
0.549
22.0 (18.0–28.0)
0.253
0.585
GGT
23.0 (16.0–40.0)
26.0 (18.0–37.0)
0.272
30.5 (22.0–39.0)
0.009
0.122
TP (g/l)
74.9 (70.8–77.4)
71.4 (67.0–75.4)
<0.001
72.7 (68.8–75.8)
0.003
0.189
Alb (g/l)
47.0 (44.1–49.4)
45.3 (42.5–47.8)
0.002
44.9 (42.6–47.3)
<0.001
0.513
Glo (g/l)
27.6 (24.1–30.1)
26.2 (23.1–28.7)
0.026
27.3 (25.0–30.2)
0.772
0.010
Tbil (umol/l)
10.9 (8.1–14.6)
12.8 (9.9–16.8)
0.001
14.3 (10.9–20.0)
<0.001
0.029
Dbil (umol/l)
3.0 (2.3–4.0)
3.5 (2.5–4.5)
0.099
4.4 (3.2–6.3)
<0.001
<0.001
Ibil (umol/l)
8.0 (4.8–10.9)
10.0 (6.9–12.8)
0.001
10.3 (6.8–14.0)
<0.001
0.532
LDH (U/l)
183 (160–208.0)
183.0 (159.0–208.0)
0.810
194.0 (174.5–219.5)
0.012
0.004
TG (mmol/l)
1.3 (0.9–2.0)
1.5 (1.0–2.3)
0.103
1.2 (0.9–1.8)
0.800
0.031
Tcho (mmol/l)
4.7 (3.9–5.5)
4.4 (3.9–5.2)
0.176
4.2 (3.7–4.9)
0.001
0.048
sdLDLc
0.7 (0.5–1.0)
0.8 (0.5–1.1)
0.207
0.7 (0.4–1.1)
0.510
0.057
LDL-c (mmol/l)
3.0 (2.3–3.5)
2.7 (2.1–3.4)
0.415
2.4 (1.7–3.1)
0.002
0.022
HDL-c (mmol/l)
1.2 (1.1–1.5)
1.2 (1.0–1.4)
0.001
1.2 (1.0–1.4)
0.089
0.109
hs-CRP (mg/l)
1.0 (0.5–1.9)
0.8 (0.5–1.9)
0.871
1.2 (0.6–3.1)
0.019
0.022
D-dimer (ng/ml)
83.0 (52.0–120.0)
73.0 (44.0–106.0)
0.187
71 (40.0–133.0)
0.408
0.807
FDP (ug/ml)
0.4 (0.1–0.7)
0.4 (0–0.7)
0.453
0.3 (0–0.8)
0.939
0.583
FIB (g/l)
2.9 (2.5–3.3)
3.0 (2.5–3.4)
0.391
3 (2.7–3.4)
0.105
0.527
HCT (%)
42.1 (39.4–44.6)
42.1 (40.5–44.7)
0.379
43.4 (41.3–46.0)
0.001
0.011
MCV (fl)
88.6 (86.2–90.7)
90.3 (88.1–92.5)
0.001
90.5 (88.1–92.9)
0.001
0.752
MCH (pg)
30.5 (29.8–31.7)
31.7 (30.7–32.8)
<0.001
31.3 (30.5–32.6)
<0.001
0.162
MCHC (g/l)
342.5 (334.0–352.0)
351.0 (341.0–360.0)
<0.001
344.0 (337.5–356.0)
0.186
0.017
RDW-SD (fl)
41.8 (40.4–43.5)
42.3 (41.0–44.4)
0.065
42.7 (41.4–45.1)
0.004
0.245
RDW-CV (%)
13.0 (12.6–13.4)
13.0 (12.7–13.4)
0.811
13.1 (12.7–13.6)
0.145
0.222
MPV (fl)
10.7 (10.0–11.4)
10.6 (10.1–11.3)
0.930
10.7 (10.0–11.1)
0.378
0.489
PCT (%)
0.3 (0.2–0.3)
0.2 (0.2–0.3)
0.001
0.2 (0.2–0.3)
<0.001
0.333
PDW (%)
13.2 (12.0–15.2)
12.5 (11.6–14.3)
0.043
13.3 (11.8–15.4)
0.898
0.032
PLCR
30.2 (24.8–36.6)
29.4 (25.4–35.5)
0.665
29.8 (24.9–34.1)
0.276
0.619
WBC: white blood cell; RBC: red blood cell; PLT: platelet count; Hb: hemoglobin; UA: uric acid; CREA: creatinine; Glu: fasting blood glucose; GA: glycated albumin; HCY: homocysteine; TIMP-1: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1; sST2: soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate transaminase; TP: total protein; Alb: albumin; Glo: globulin; Tbil: total bilirubin; Dbil: direct bilirubin; Ibil: indirect bilirubin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; TG: triacylglycerol; Tcho: total cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LP(a): lipoprotein(a); FFA: free fatty acid; C1q: anti-complement 1q antibody; hs-CRP: high-sensitivityC-reactive protein; FDP: fibrinogen degradation products; FIB: fibrinogen; HCT: hematocrit; MCV: mean red blood cell volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW-SD: red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation; RDW-CV: red blood cell distribution width-cell volume; MPV: mean platelet volume; PCT: platelet hematocrit; PDW: platelet distribution width; Pa: paroxysmal vs. control, Pb: persistent vs. control, and Pc: persistent vs. paroxysmal.
