Different Oral Antithrombotic Therapy for the Treatment of Ventricular Thrombus: An Observational Study from 2010 to 2019
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with ventricular thrombus (N (%)).
NOACs (N = 77)
VKAs (N = 199)
Antiplatelet therapy (N = 187)
value
Age, y (mean ± SD)
45.3 ± 17.2
49.3 ± 15.1
57.4 ± 12.3
<0.0001
Male
55 (71.4)
160 (80.4)
160 (85.6)
0.028
BMI, kg/m2 (median (IQR))
23.9 (22.4–26.9)
23.8 (21.3–26.7)
24.7 (22.6–26.6)
0.385
Presenting diagnosis
<0.0001
ICM
11 (14.3)
53 (26.6)
74 (39.6)
—
Ventricular aneurysm
15 (19.5)
44 (22.1)
105 (56.1)
—
DCM
19 (24.7)
57 (28.6)
5 (2.7)
—
HCM
2 (2.6)
8 (4.0)
—
Others†
30 (39.0)
37 (18.6)
3 (1.6)
—
Prior medical history
Coronary artery disease
30 (39.0)
101 (50.8)
171 (91.4)
<0.0001
Atrial fibrillation
6 (7.8)
27 (13.6)
10 (5.3)
0.018
Heart failure
46 (59.7)
114 (57.3)
33 (17.6)
<0.0001
Hypertension
23 (29.9)
61 (30.7)
99 (52.9)
<0.0001
Diabetes
14 (18.2)
37 (18.6)
52 (27.8)
0.060
Hyperlipidemia
29 (37.7)
92 (46.2)
136 (72.7)
<0.001
Embolism
24 (31.2)
46 (23.1)
43 (23.0)
0.318
Chronic kidney disease
1 (1.3)
11 (5.5)
16 (8.6)
0.073
Gastrointestinal bleeding
1 (1.3)
5 (2.5)
3 (1.6)
0.734
Location of ventricular thrombus
<0.0001
Left ventricular
58 (75.3)
179 (89.9)
185 (98.9)
—
Right ventricular
12 (15.6)
17 (8.5)
1 (0.5)
—
Biventricular
7 (9.1)
3 (1.5)
1 (0.5)
—
Number of ventricular thrombi
0.004
1
66 (85.7)
180 (90.5)
181 (96.8)
—
≥2
11 (14.3)
19 (9.5)
6 (3.2)
—
Size of ventricular thrombus
Diameter, mm
22.0 (16.0–30.0)
22.0 (15.0–31.0)
22.0 (16.0–31.0)
0.636
Thickness, mm
15.5 (12.5–21.5)
15.0 (11.0–21.0)
17.0 (11.0–23.5)
0.606
LVEF, % (median (IQR))
31.0 (25.0–45.0)
31.5 (24.0–42.0)
40.0 (33.0–50.0)
<0.0001
D-Dimer, ug/mL [mean ± SD]
1.4 (0.6–2.8)
1.3 (0.5–2.7)
0.7 (0.4–1.5)
0.249
Combined medications
Parenteral anticoagulants
30 (39.0)
150 (75.4)
122 (65.2)
<0.0001
Antiplatelet therapy
26 (33.8)
81 (40.7)
—
<0.0001
†Other diagnoses included peripartum cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, and noncompaction of ventricular myocardium. VT: ventricular thrombus; N: number of patients; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; NOACs: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; VKAs: vitamin K antagonists; BMI: body mass index; ICM: ischemic cardiomyopathy; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.
