Research Article

Predictive Value of Arterial Blood Lactic Acid Concentration on the Risk of in-Hospital All-Cause Death in Patients with Acute Heart Failure

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the AHF patients on admission.

VariablesOverall (n = 7558)Survival group (n = 6792)Death group (n = 766) value

Age, years68.52 ± 13.5667.98 ± 13.5873.29 ± 12.43<0.001
Female, (%)3358 (44.4%)3036 (44.7%)322 (42.0%)0.171
Ethnicity, (%)<0.001
 White5113 (67.7%)4618 (68.0%)495 (64.6%)
 Black1026 (13.6%)981 (14.4%)45 (5.9%)
 Other1419 (18.8%)1193 (17.6%)226 (29.5%)
BMI, kg/m230.04 ± 7.8930.18 ± 7.9328.78 ± 7.45<0.001
Height, cm168.08 ± 11.14168.08 ± 11.18168.13 ± 10.830.889
Weight, kg84.98 ± 23.5785.38 ± 23.7381.36 ± 21.78<0.001
SBP, mmHg114.01 ± 14.83114.76 ± 13.93107.33 ± 19.98<0.001
DBP, mmHg57.97 ± 9.6858.01 ± 9.3657.56 ± 12.150.218
AF, (%)3513 (46.5%)3039 (44.7%)474 (61.9%)<0.001
Liver cirrhosis, (%)152 (2.0%)124 (1.8%)28 (3.7%)0.001
AMI, (%)725 (9.6%)584 (8.6%)141 (18.4%)<0.001
CKD, (%)3084 (40.8%)2708 (39.9%)376 (49.1%)<0.001
Malignancy, (%)20 (0.3%)16 (0.2%)4 (0.5%)0.274
RF, (%)2203 (29.1%)1644 (24.2%)559 (73.0%)<0.001
COPD, (%)750 (9.9%)641 (9.4%)109 (14.2%)<0.001
VF, (%)145 (1.9%)94 (1.4%)51 (6.7%)<0.001
Hypertension, (%)418 (5.5%)378 (5.6%)40 (5.2%)0.756
DM, (%)1421 (18.8%)1251 (18.4%)170 (22.2%)0.013
Septicaemia, (%)833 (11.0%)703 (10.4%)130 (17.0%)<0.001
SAP, mmol/L14.81 ± 3.5314.69 ± 3.4615.89 ± 3.92<0.001
Bicarbonate, mmol/L26.48 ± 5.2626.64 ± 5.1525.05 ± 5.98<0.001
BUN, mg/dl30.00 (20.00, 47.00)29.00 (20.00, 47.00)37.00 (24.00, 54.00)<0.001
Calcium, mg/dl8.72 ± 0.668.74 ± 0.658.53 ± 0.69<0.001
Chloride, mmol/L100.00 ± 6.1899.96 ± 6.12100.31 ± 6.730.138
Scr, mg/dL1.30 (0.90, 2.00)1.30 (0.90, 2.00)1.50 (1.00, 2.38)<0.001
Glucose, mg/dL123.20 (102.00, 157.00)123.00 (102.00, 156.00)129.00 (103.00, 167.00)0.004
Sodium, mmol/L138.27 ± 4.66138.26 ± 4.62138.42 ± 4.950.355
Potassium, mmol/L4.22 ± 0.584.22 ± 0.584.25 ± 0.580.173
Hematocrit, %31.65 ± 6.0831.71 ± 6.0931.14 ± 6.030.014
Hb, g/dl10.19 ± 2.0710.21 ± 2.0810.01 ± 2.030.013
Plt, ×109/L208.00 (151.00, 273.00)211.00 (154.00, 276.00)186.00 (121.25, 253.00)<0.001
RBC, ×109/L3.49 ± 0.723.50 ± 0.723.42 ± 0.710.008
CRP, mg/L46.34 (20.37, 77.20)42.96 (18.80, 72.70)76.85 (49.75, 108.30)<0.001
LOS, days3.22 (1.70, 6.14)3.15 (1.69, 5.94)4.12 (1.90, 8.20)<0.001
Albumin, g/dL3.48 ± 0.643.51 ± 0.623.14 ± 0.68<0.001
Lactic acid, mmol/L1.86 ± 0.971.82 ± 0.942.20 ± 1.12<0.001
WBC, ×109/L9.00 (6.70, 11.90)8.80 (6.70, 11.60)11.00 (7.80, 15.00)<0.001
NT-proBNP, pg/ml8366.49 (3589.00, 11382.00)7832.12 (3215, 10513.47)14028.77 (12100.78, 15956.01)<0.001
Cardiotonic, (%)2288 (30.3%)2030 (29.9%)258 (33.7%)0.034
Nitro-glycerine, (%)4416 (58.4%)4131 (60.8%)285 (37.2%)<0.001
Furosemide, (%)7315 (96.8%)6609 (97.3%)706 (92.2%)<0.001
Hypoglycaemic, (%)1422 (18.8%)1272 (18.7%)150 (19.6%)0.566
Infection-fighting, (%)892 (11.8%)630 (9.3%)262 (34.2%)<0.001
SAPS II score39.00 (32.00, 48.00)38.00 (31.00, 47.00)46.00 (37.00, 57.00)<0.001
SOFA score2.00 (1.00, 5.00)2.00 (1.00, 5.00)3.00 (1.00, 6.00)<0.001

Abbreviations: AHF, acute heart failure; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AF, atrial fibrillation; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; CKD, chronic kidney disease; RF, respiratory failure; VF, ventricular fibrillation; SAP, serum anion gap; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, serum creatinine; Hb, hemoglobin; Plt, platelet; RBC, red blood cell; CRP, C-reactive protein; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment. LOS, length of stay (LOS); WBC, white blood cell; NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide; and SAPS II score, simplified acute physiology score II.