| | Study | Country | Design | Participants | Sample size | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | GV measurement | GV parameter analysis | Period for GV calculation (years) | Follow-up duration (years) | Dementia outcome reported | Outcome validation | Patients with dementia | Variables adjusted |
| | Li, 2017 [15] | China | R | T2DM patients aged 60 years or above | 16706 | 69.2 | 44.6 | HbA1c-CV | T3 : T1 or continuous | 1 year | 8.9 | Dementia caused by AD | ICD-9 codes | 831 | Age, sex, FPG, HbA1c, smoking, alcohol consumption, DM duration, obesity, comorbidities, and concurrent medications | | Chow, 2018 [16] | China | R | T2DM patients aged 60 years or above | 75348 | 71.5 | 46./8 | HbA1c-CV | T3 : T1 | 5 years | 6 | Overall dementia | Dementia with pharmacotherapy | 1424 | Age, sex, FPG, HbA1c, smoking, alcohol consumption, DM duration, BMI, comorbidities, and concurrent medications | | Matsumoto, 2018 [17] | Japan | R | T2DM patients | 2450 | 65 | 55 | HbA1c-CV or HbA1c-SD | Continuous | NR | 11.4 | Overall dementia | Dementia with pharmacotherapy or hospitalization | 129 | Age, sex, FPG, HbA1c, smoking, alcohol consumption, DM duration, BMI, comorbidities, and concurrent medications | | Lee, 2021 [18] | China | R | DM patients (T2DM: 93%) | 25186 | 63 | 50 | HbA1c-CV or HbA1c-SD | Continuous | NR | 10 | Overall dementia | ICD-9 codes | 952 | Age, sex, and comorbidities | | Zheng, 2021 [19] | UK | R | T2DM patients aged 50 years or above | 457902 | 64.5 | 52.1 | HbA1c-CV | Q4 : Q1 or continuous | 3 years | 6 | Overall dementia | Dementia with pharmacotherapy or hospitalization | 28627 | Age, sex, calendar year, and region, smoking status, BMI category, history of comorbidities, duration of DM, and concurrent medications |
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GV, glycemic variability; R, retrospective; DM, diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation; CV, coefficient of variation; T, tertile; Q, quartile; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ICD, international classification of diseases; BMI, body mass index.
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