Development and Validation of Nomograms to Assess Risk Factors and Overall Survival Prediction for Lung Metastasis in Young Patients with Osteosarcoma: A SEER-Based Study

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses of osteosarcoma patients with LM.

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
Age, years
0–8	Reference				Reference
9–16	0.314	0.109–0.904	0.032	0.264	0.081–0.861	0.027
17–25	0.652	0.221–1.922	0.438	0.621	0.196–1.971	0.419
Race
Black	Reference
Other	0.474	0.173–1.300	0.147
White	0.509	0.281–0.922	0.026
Sex
Female	Reference
Male	1.163	0.688–1.968	0.573
Primary site
Lower limb	Reference			Reference
Other	3.659	0.861–15.555	0.079	6.866	1.538–30.655	0.012
Spine/pelvis	2.858	1.099–7.434	0.031	2.126	0.664–6.810	0.204
Upper limb	2.097	1.070–4.112	0.031	2.138	0.998–4.580	0.051
Grade
II	Reference
III	0.264	0.035–2.012	0.198
IV	0.321	0.043–2.415	0.270
Histological type
Osteosarcoma	Reference
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	0.823	0.401–1.686	0.594
Other	1.010	0.312–3.271	0.987
Central osteosarcoma	<0.001	0–999	0.967
T
T1	Reference
T2	0.877	0.420–1.829	0.726
T3	1.525	0.411–5.650	0.528
TX	1.790	0.724–4.427	0.208
N
N0	Reference
N1	2.193	1.120–4.294	0.022
NX	1.559	0.614–3.956	0.350
Surgery
No	Reference				Reference
Yes	0.330	0.179–0.609	<0.001	0.400	0.188–0.855	0.018
Chemotherapy
No	Reference				Reference
Yes	0.097	0.033–0.287	<0.001	0.123	0.037–0.411	0.001
Radiotherapy
No	Reference
Yes	1.484	0.666–3.303	0.334
Tumor size, mm
0–100	Reference
101–200	1.398	0.754–2.593	0.287
>200	1.270	0.644–2.501	0.490
Bone metastasis
No	Reference			Reference
Yes	3.128	1.580–6.192	0.001	3.981	1.695–9.350	0.002

HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; LM: lung metastasis.