International Journal of Clinical Practice

Research Article

Incidence and Complications of Atrial Fibrillation in a Low Socioeconomic and High Disability United States (US) Population: A Combined Statistical and Machine Learning Approach

Table 4

Odds ratios “OR” (95% CI) for main effect relationships between baseline characteristics of comorbid history and atrial fibrillation status group and five clinical outcomes, with cost threshold (of 2000 or more in the year prior to index date or the equivalent for non-AF cases) as a model feature.


Variable	Level	OR	Stroke
Variable	Level	OR	Lower limit	Upper limit

AF Status	1 vs 0	2.69	2.53	2.85
Congestive heart failure	1 vs 0	1.06	1.00	1.12
Hypertension	1 vs 0	1.56	1.50	1.61
Diabetes mellitus	1 vs 0	1.28	1.23	1.33
Stroke	1 vs 0	9.86	9.49	10.25
Vascular disease	1 vs 0	1.46	1.40	1.53
Valvular disease	1 vs 0	1.12	1.06	1.18
Coronary artery disease	1 vs 0	1.15	1.10	1.21
Chronic sleep apnea	1 vs 0	0.97	0.89	1.05
Chronic kidney disease	1 vs 0	1.13	1.07	1.19
Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/bronchiectasis	1 vs 0	1.08	1.04	1.12
Major bleeding	1 vs 0	1.23	1.18	1.29
Cognitive impairment	1 vs 0	1.20	1.10	1.31
Liver disease	1 vs 0	1.10	1.06	1.14
Anemia	1 vs 0	1.14	1.10	1.19
Depression	1 vs 0	1.08	1.04	1.11
Lipid disorders	1 vs 0	1.18	1.15	1.22
Spondylosis and intervertebral discs	1 vs 0	1.17	1.13	1.20
Osteoarthritis	1 vs 0	1.03	0.99	1.06
Hyperthyroidism	1 vs 0	1.04	0.93	1.16
Metabolic syndrome	1 vs 0	1.03	0.88	1.21
Asthma	1 vs 0	1.10	1.06	1.15
Gender	1 vs 0	0.98	0.95	1.01
Age group	4 vs 0	2.16	2.00	2.34
	3 vs 0	2.25	2.10	2.42
	2 vs 0	2.09	2.00	2.18
	1 vs 0	1.89	1.81	1.96
Cost threshold (1 year prior)	1 vs 0	1.63	1.58	1.69
Medicaid group	6 vs 0	1.38	1.29	1.48
	5 vs 0	1.05	0.98	1.13
	4 vs 0	1.87	1.77	1.97
	3 vs 0	1.41	1.35	1.47
	2 vs 0	1.25	1.20	1.30
	1 vs 0	1.04	0.96	1.13

Variable	Level	OR	CHF
Variable	Level	OR	Lower limit	Upper limit

AF Status	1 vs 0	6.18	5.86	6.52
Congestive heart failure	1 vs 0	18.23	17.53	18.95
Hypertension	1 vs 0	1.91	1.85	1.98
Diabetes mellitus	1 vs 0	1.54	1.48	1.60
Stroke	1 vs 0	1.02	0.97	1.09
Vascular disease	1 vs 0	1.31	1.25	1.37
Valvular disease	1 vs 0	1.55	1.47	1.63
Coronary artery disease	1 vs 0	1.56	1.49	1.63
Chronic sleep apnea	1 vs 0	1.29	1.20	1.39
Chronic kidney disease	1 vs 0	1.72	1.64	1.80
Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/bronchiectasis	1 vs 0	1.54	1.49	1.60
Major bleeding	1 vs 0	1.04	0.99	1.10
Cognitive impairment	1 vs 0	0.94	0.85	1.03
Liver disease	1 vs 0	1.03	0.99	1.08
Anemia	1 vs 0	1.16	1.12	1.20
Depression	1 vs 0	1.03	1.00	1.07
Lipid disorders	1 vs 0	0.89	0.86	0.92
Spondylosis and intervertebral discs	1 vs 0	0.98	0.95	1.01
Osteoarthritis	1 vs 0	1.04	1.00	1.08
Hyperthyroidism	1 vs 0	0.98	0.87	1.10
Metabolic syndrome	1 vs 0	1.07	0.91	1.26
Asthma	1 vs 0	1.17	1.13	1.22
Gender	1 vs 0	0.90	0.87	0.93
Age group	4 vs 0	2.63	2.44	2.83
	3 vs 0	2.08	1.94	2.22
	2 vs 0	1.80	1.72	1.88
	1 vs 0	1.69	1.62	1.76
Cost threshold (1 year prior)	1 vs 0	1.59	1.53	1.65
Medicaid group	6 vs 0	1.86	1.73	1.99
	5 vs 0	1.84	1.73	1.97
	4 vs 0	2.63	2.49	2.78
	3 vs 0	2.02	1.93	2.11
	2 vs 0	1.70	1.63	1.78
	1 vs 0	1.13	1.03	1.24

Variable	Level	OR	MI
Variable	Level	OR	Lower limit	Upper limit

AF Status	1 vs 0	3.71	3.49	3.94
Congestive heart failure	1 vs 0	1.57	1.49	1.65
Hypertension	1 vs 0	1.96	1.87	2.05
Diabetes mellitus	1 vs 0	1.22	1.17	1.27
Stroke	1 vs 0	1.04	0.98	1.11
Vascular disease	1 vs 0	3.36	3.22	3.51
Valvular disease	1 vs 0	1.11	1.05	1.18
Coronary artery disease	1 vs 0	3.72	3.56	3.89
Chronic sleep apnea	1 vs 0	0.94	0.86	1.02
Chronic kidney disease	1 vs 0	1.30	1.22	1.37
Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/bronchiectasis	1 vs 0	1.32	1.27	1.37
Major bleeding	1 vs 0	1.08	1.02	1.14
Cognitive impairment	1 vs 0	0.91	0.81	1.02
Liver disease	1 vs 0	1.11	1.06	1.16
Anemia	1 vs 0	0.98	0.94	1.02
Depression	1 vs 0	1.14	1.10	1.19
Lipid disorders	1 vs 0	0.99	0.96	1.03
Spondylosis and intervertebral discs	1 vs 0	1.13	1.09	1.17
Osteoarthritis	1 vs 0	0.93	0.89	0.97
Hyperthyroidism	1 vs 0	0.93	0.81	1.07
Metabolic syndrome	1 vs 0	0.92	0.77	1.11
Asthma	1 vs 0	1.12	1.07	1.17
Gender	1 vs 0	0.72	0.70	0.75
Age group	4 vs 0	1.48	1.33	1.64
	3 vs 0	1.54	1.41	1.68
	2 vs 0	1.64	1.56	1.72
	1 vs 0	1.77	1.69	1.85
Cost threshold (1 year prior)	1 vs 0	1.33	1.27	1.38
Medicaid group	6 vs 0	0.63	0.57	0.70
	5 vs 0	1.09	1.00	1.18
	4 vs 0	1.26	1.18	1.35
	3 vs 0	1.55	1.48	1.63
	2 vs 0	1.18	1.12	1.24
	1 vs 0	1.20	1.10	1.31

Variable	Level	OR	MBldg
Variable	Level	OR	Lower limit	Upper limit

AF Status	1 vs 0	2.26	2.14	2.38
Congestive heart failure	1 vs 0	1.04	0.99	1.09
Hypertension	1 vs 0	1.17	1.14	1.19
Diabetes mellitus	1 vs 0	1.03	1.00	1.07
Stroke	1 vs 0	1.30	1.24	1.36
Vascular disease	1 vs 0	1.10	1.05	1.14
Valvular disease	1 vs 0	1.11	1.06	1.16
Coronary artery disease	1 vs 0	1.07	1.03	1.12
Chronic sleep apnea	1 vs 0	1.03	0.97	1.10
Chronic kidney disease	1 vs 0	1.23	1.18	1.29
Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/bronchiectasis	1 vs 0	1.15	1.12	1.18
Major bleeding	1 vs 0	3.79	3.69	3.89
Cognitive impairment	1 vs 0	1.18	1.09	1.28
Liver disease	1 vs 0	1.44	1.40	1.48
Anemia	1 vs 0	1.28	1.24	1.31
Depression	1 vs 0	1.23	1.21	1.26
Lipid disorders	1 vs 0	1.06	1.04	1.09
Spondylosis and intervertebral discs	1 vs 0	1.31	1.28	1.33
Osteoarthritis	1 vs 0	1.08	1.06	1.12
Hyperthyroidism	1 vs 0	1.07	0.99	1.16
Metabolic syndrome	1 vs 0	1.10	0.98	1.23
Asthma	1 vs 0	1.17	1.14	1.20
Gender	1 vs 0	0.85	0.83	0.86
Age group	4 vs 0	1.16	1.08	1.26
	3 vs 0	1.08	1.01	1.15
	2 vs 0	1.17	1.14	1.21
	1 vs 0	1.20	1.17	1.23
Cost threshold (1 year prior)	1 vs 0	1.60	1.56	1.64
Medicaid group	6 vs 0	0.51	0.48	0.55
	5 vs 0	0.88	0.83	0.93
	4 vs 0	1.19	1.15	1.24
	3 vs 0	1.10	1.06	1.13
	2 vs 0	0.91	0.88	0.93
	1 vs 0	1.05	1.00	1.11

Variable	Level	OR	CogI
Variable	Level	OR	Lower limit	Upper limit

AF Status	1 vs 0	1.74	1.59	1.91
Congestive heart failure	1 vs 0	0.82	0.75	0.90
Hypertension	1 vs 0	1.03	0.98	1.09
Diabetes mellitus	1 vs 0	0.94	0.88	1.00
Stroke	1 vs 0	1.33	1.22	1.44
Vascular disease	1 vs 0	1.19	1.10	1.28
Valvular disease	1 vs 0	0.95	0.86	1.05
Coronary artery disease	1 vs 0	1.00	0.92	1.08
Chronic sleep apnea	1 vs 0	1.04	0.90	1.20
Chronic kidney disease	1 vs 0	0.99	0.91	1.08
Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease/bronchiectasis	1 vs 0	1.08	1.01	1.14
Major bleeding	1 vs 0	1.11	1.02	1.21
Cognitive impairment	1 vs 0	20.24	18.97	21.59
Liver disease	1 vs 0	1.21	1.12	1.29
Anemia	1 vs 0	1.22	1.15	1.30
Depression	1 vs 0	1.61	1.52	1.70
Lipid disorders	1 vs 0	1.13	1.07	1.19
Spondylosis and intervertebral discs	1 vs 0	1.05	1.00	1.11
Osteoarthritis	1 vs 0	0.96	0.91	1.02
Hyperthyroidism	1 vs 0	1.02	0.83	1.25
Metabolic syndrome	1 vs 0	0.82	0.59	1.14
Asthma	1 vs 0	0.92	0.85	0.99
Gender	1 vs 0	0.87	0.83	0.92
Age group	4 vs 0	12.47	11.27	13.79
	3 vs 0	6.56	5.92	7.26
	2 vs 0	2.95	2.73	3.19
	1 vs 0	1.98	1.84	2.14
Cost threshold (1 year prior)	1 vs 0	2.37	2.22	2.53
Medicaid group	6 vs 0	2.06	1.86	2.29
	5 vs 0	1.67	1.48	1.87
	4 vs 0	3.81	3.47	4.18
	3 vs 0	2.07	1.90	2.26
	2 vs 0	2.26	2.09	2.44
	1 vs 0	1.64	1.39	1.92

1—The presence of comorbid condition, AF status, and female gender; 0—the absence of comorbid condition. Data on the entire population. C index = 0.820 for stroke, 0.889 for CHF, 0.853 for MI, 0.718 for major bleeding, and 0.870 for cognitive impairment; CHF—congestive heart failure, MI—myocardial infarction, MBldg—major bleeding, CogI—cognitive impairment. 75–90 (4) vs 18–44 years (0), 65–74 (3) vs 18–44 years (0), 55–64 (2) vs 18-44 years (0), 45-54 (1) vs 18-44 years (0), LTSS—duals (6) vs TANF (0), ABD—duals (5) vs TANF (0), LTSS—nondual (4) vs TANF (0), ABD—nondual (3) vs TANF (0), two groups (2) vs TANF (0), and family care (1) vs TANF (0).