Genetic Diversity, Carbapenem Resistance Genes, and Biofilm Formation in UPEC Isolated from Patients with Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in North of Iran

Table 3

Biofilm formation and its association with antibiotic resistance in UPEC.

Category	Antibiotics	Biofilm-negative 34		Biofilm-weak and intermediate 42		value
		Resistant no. (%)	Susceptible no. (%)	Resistant no. (%)	Susceptible no. (%)
Cephalosporin	CTX	24 (70)	10 (30)	27 (64)	15 (36)	0.561
	CRO	24 (70)	10 (30)	26 (62)	16 (38)	0.428
Carbapenem	IPM	9 (26)	25 (74)	13 (30)	29 (70)	0.668
Sulfonamides	SXT	31 (91)	3 (9)	30 (71)	12 (29)	0.031
Quinolones	CP	23 (67)	11 (33)	25 (59)	17 (41)	0.465
	NA	30 (89)	4 (11)	32 (76)	10 (24)	0.178
Aminoglycosides	GM	9 (26)	25 (74)	13 (30)	29 (70)	0.668
	AN	4 (11)	30 (89)	8 (19)	34 (81)	0.387
Nitrofurans	FM	7 (20)	27 (80)	7 (17)	35 (83)	0.661
Genes	Genes	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
	bla NDM	5(14)	29 (86)	6 (15)	36 (85)	0.959
	bla KPC	0	34 (100)	0	42 (100)	—
	bla oxa-48	2 (5)	32 (95)	0	42 (100)	0.111
	bla oxa-23	1 (3)	33 (97)	1 (2)	41 (98)	0.879
	bla VIM	1 (3)	33 (97)	0	42 (100)	0.263
	bla IPM	0	34 (100)	1 (2)	41 (98)	0.365

AN: Amikacin; IPM: Imipenem; FM: Nitrofurantoin; SXT: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole; CTX: Cefotaxime; GM: Gentamicin; CRO: Ceftriaxone; CP: Ciprofloxacin; and NA: Nalidixic acid.