The Possible Mediatory Role of Inflammatory Markers on the Association of Dietary Insulin Index and Insulin Load with Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

General participant characteristics among median dietary insulin loads (DILs) and dietary insulin index (DII) in an obese and overweight woman (n = 219).

Variables	DII median		value	value	DIL median		value	value
	Low <38.82 n = 109	High ≥38.82 n = 110			Low <97155.69 n = 109	High ≥97155.69 n = 110
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)			Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	35.37 (8.54)	36.49 (8.32)	0.32	0.22	36.30 (8.60)	35.56 (8.29)	0.52	0.21
Physical activity (MET-minutes/week)	1242.30 (1858.69)	1275.52 (2549.64)	0.91	0.45	1269.36 (2203.09)	1246.71 (2235.26)	0.94	0.32
DBP (mm Hg)	77.14 (10.12)	79.00 (9.72)	0.17	0.24	77.55 (9.30)	78.57 (10.57)	0.45	0.74
SBP (mm Hg)	110.86 (12.98)	112.21 (13.37)	0.46	0.94	110.50 (12.93)	112.55 (13.37)	0.26	0.80
Anthropometric variables
Weight (kg)	79.75 (10.43)	78.62 (10.31)	0.42	0.35	78.34 (10.07)	80.06 (10.63)	0.22	0.50
Height (cm)	161.28 (5.39)	161.33 (5.89)	0.95	0.70	160.69 (5.56)	161.93 (5.65)	0.10	0.60
WC (cm)	93.84 (12.44)	96.05 (18.76)	0.37	0.61	92.96 (15.95)	97.00 (15.28)	0.10	0.38
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.61 (3.70)	30.26 (3.45)	0.46	0.58	30.30 (3.44)	30.57 (3.71)	0.57	0.32
Biochemical parameters
FBG (mg/dL)	86.74 (9.62)	86.72 (9.83)	0.98	0.93	86.64 (9.45)	86.82 (10.00)	0.89	0.93
TG (mg/dL)	119.14 (59.32)	119.48 (59.75)	0.96	0.20	121.05 (61.29)	117.53 (57.63)	0.66	0.24
HDL-c (mg/dL)	47.15 (9.55)	45.40 (11.43)	0.22	0.79	46.64 (11.24)	45.90 (9.84)	0.60	0.74
TC (mg/dl)	183.80 (35.55)	184.33 (36.07)	0.91	0.08	185.75 (39.05)	182.36 (32.12)	0.48	0.33
LDL-c (mg/dl)	95.12 (24.61)	92.50 (23.06)	0.42	0.66	93.37 (24.97)	94.24 (22.72)	0.79	0.21
hs-CRP (mg/l)	4.14 (4.58)	4.41 (4.55)	0.67	0.47	3.96 (4.39)	4.58 (4.75)	0.33	0.33
MCP-1 (mg/l)	57.85 (105.07)	43.83 (76.61)	0.29	0.31	49.29 (100.35)	52.87 (82.90)	0.79	0.42
HOMA-IR	3.37 (1.28)	3.37 (1.33)	0.99	0.45	3.48 (1.29)	3.27 (1.31)	0.23	0.60
Insulin (μU/ml)	1.21 (0.23)	1.22 (0.23)	0.77	0.97	1.19 (0.22)	1.23 (0.24)	0.27	0.38
Body composition
BFM (kg)	33.32 (7.24)	32.30 (6.86)	0.28	0.31	32.55 (6.68)	33.07 (7.44)	0.59	0.36
FFM (kg)	46.28 (5.20)	46.53 (5.54)	0.72	0.82	45.66 (5.43)	47.159 (5.20)	0.03	0.93
Categorical variables	N (%)	N (%)			N (%)	N (%)
Economic level			0.04	0.33			0.10	0.79
Low level	33 (32.4)	21 (20.4)			32 (31.4)	22 (21.4)
Moderate level	38 (37.3)	55 (53.4)			39 (38.2)	54 (52.4)
High level	31 (30.4)	27 (26.2)			31 (30.4)	27 (26.2)
Education level			0.07	0.24			0.16	0.02
Illiterate	0 (0.0)	3 (2.8)			0 (0.0)	3 (2.8)
Under diploma	12 (11.0)	12 (11.2)			12 (10.9)	12 (11.3)
Diploma	49 (45.0)	34 (31.8)			48 (43.6)	35 (33.0)
Bachelor and higher	48 (44.0)	58 (54.2)			50 (45.5)	56 (52.8)
Marital status			0.05	0.31			0.28	0.58
Single	24 (22.0)	36 (33.6)			27 (24.5)	33 (31.1)
Married	85 (78.0)	71 (66.4)			83 (75.5)	73 (68.9)

BFM: body fat mass, BMI: body mass index, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, DIL: dietary insulin load, DII: dietary insulin index, F BG: fasting blood glucose, FFM: fat-free mass, HDL_C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hs-CRP: high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model-insulin resistance index, LDL_C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MET: metabolic equivalent, SBP: systolic blood pressure, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglyceride, and WC: waist circumference. Values are represented as means (SD) or numbers (%). values obtained from ANOVA or chi-square test. value reported after adjusting potential confounding factors (age, BMI, energy intake, and physical activity) using ANCOVA. BMI considers a collinear variable for anthropometrics and body composition variables. values <0.05 were considered significant, values 0.05–0.07 were considered as marginally significant. values marked in bold show significant or marginally significant differences.