Connecting Pharmacists and Other Health Care Providers (HCPs) towards Drug Therapy Optimization: A Pharmaceutical Care Approach

Table 3

Cause of DRPs as per PCNE classification.

Types	Cause of DRP	N	%
Drug selection	Inappropriate drug (including contra-indicated)	2	0.51
	No indication for drug	0	0.0
	Inappropriate combination of drugs, or drugs and food	7	1.80
	Inappropriate duplication of therapeutic group	8	2.06
	Indication for drug treatment not noticed	0	0
	Too many drugs prescribed for indication	3	0.07
	More cost-effective drug available	11	2.83
	Synergistic/preventive drug required and not given	24	6.18
	New indication for drug treatment presented	0	0
	Total	55	14.01
Drug form	Inappropriate drug form	3	0.07
Dose selection	Drug dose too low	1	0.25
	Drug dose too high	3	0.07
	Dosage regimen not frequent enough	8	2.06
	Dosage regimen too frequent	12	3.09
	No therapeutic drug monitoring	4	1.03
	Pharmacokinetic problem requiring dose adjustment	0	0
	Improvement of disease state requiring dose adjustment	13	3.35
	Total	44	11.34
Treatment duration	Duration of treatment too short	0	0
	Duration of treatment too long	11	2.83
	Total	11	2.83
Drug use process	Inappropriate timing of administration or dosing intervals	26	6.70
	Drug underused/underadministered	12	3.09
	Drug overused/overadministered	15	3.86
	Drug not taken/administered at all	24	6.18
	Wrong drug taken/administered	11	2.83
	Drug abused (unregulated overuse)	2	0.51
	Patient unable to use drug/form as directed	41	10.56
	Total	131	33.76
Logistics	Prescribed drug not available	7	1.80
	Prescribing error (necessary information missing)	7	1.80
	Dispensing error (wrong drug or dose dispensed)	28	7.21
	Total	42	10.82
Patient	Patient forgets to use/take drug/noncompliant	51	13.14
	Patient uses unnecessary drug	22	5.70
	Patient takes food that interacts	2	0.51
	Patient stored drug inappropriately	14	3.60
	Patient dissatisfied with therapy despite optimal clinical and economic treatment outcomes	3	0.80
	Total	92	23.71
Other	Adverse drug event	10	2.57
	Drug treatment more costly than necessary	3	0.77
	Total	13	3.35
Grand total		388	100%