Chronic Low Back Pain with and without Concomitant Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Cohort Study of Patients in England

Figure 3

Direct healthcare costs in the 6, 12, 24, and 36 months following indexing in (a) patients with CLBP and controls and (b) patients with CLBP + OA and controls. Not all cases/controls had 24 and 36 months of follow-up.  < 0.0001 for the difference in mean values between cases and controls for ED visits, GP consultations, outpatient attendances, inpatient stays and total costs, across all time periods. ED, emergency department; CLBP, chronic low back pain; GP, general practitioner; OA, osteoarthritis.

(a)

(b)