Empowering Medical Students: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Precision Point-of-Care Echocardiography Assessment of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Figure 4

The agreement using the Bland–Altman analysis of LVEF assessment on students’ HUD-acquired clips: students vs. cardiologists and students + AI vs. cardiologists. (a) LVEF assessment agreement between the students’ and cardiologists’ visual evaluation revealed a mean bias of −1.77 (red line) with limits of agreement ranging from −18.37 to 14.83 (yellow lines), p = 0.062. (b) LVEF assessment agreement between the students + AI and cardiologists’ visual evaluation revealed a mean bias of −1.44 (red line) with limits of agreement ranging from −14.40 to 11.52 (yellow lines), p = 0.052. AI, artificial intelligence; HUD, hand-held ultrasound device; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.

(a)

(b)