Empowering Medical Students: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Precision Point-of-Care Echocardiography Assessment of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Figure 5

Categorical inter-rater reliability of LVEF assessment using Kappa coefficient comparing the 3 assessment methods of students’ HUD-acquired echocardiography clips (students’ visual evaluation, AI + students, and cardiologists’ visual evaluation) with the fellowship-trained expert echocardiographers’ assessment of the formal high-end echocardiography using 2 cutoff values of LVEF for each set of analyses (LVEF of 40 and 50%). AI, artificial intelligence; CI, confidence interval; HUD, hand-held ultrasound device; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.