Empowering Medical Students: Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Precision Point-of-Care Echocardiography Assessment of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Table 1
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of those with successful AI vs. unsuccessful AI measurements.
Variable
Successful AI measurement n = 82
Unsuccessful AI measurement n = 6
value
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years), mean ± SD
58.5 ± 16.8
54.7 ± 7.1
0.578
Male, n (%)
72 (87.8)
4 (66.7)
0.188
BMI, mean ± SD
28.2 ± 4.5
29.8 ± 3.6
0.397
Smoking, n (%)
46 (56.1)
4 (66.7)
0.214
Ability to turn left, n (%)
74 (90.2)
6 (100)
0.886
Effective communication, n (%)
78 (95.1)
6 (100)
0.703
Active dyspnea, n (%)
77 (93.9)
6 (100)
1.000
Lung disease, n (%)
79 (96.3)
5 (83.3)
0.140
Exam quality+
<0.001
Excellent, n (%)
15 (18.3)
0 (0.0)
High, n (%)
24 (29.3)
0 (0.0)
Moderate, n (%)
41 (50.0)
2 (33.3)
Poor, n (%)
2 (2.4)
4 (66.7)
Exam difficulty
0.040
Easy, n (%)
29 (35.4)
0 (0.0)
Intermediate, n (%)
26 (31.7)
1 (16.7)
Difficult, n (%)
27 (32.9)
5 (83.3)
Admission diagnosis
0.432
Heart failure, n (%)
9 (11.0)
2 (33.3)
Acute coronary syndrome, n (%)
48 (58.5)
3 (50.0)
Arrhythmia, n (%)
11 (13.4)
0 (0.0)
Perimyocarditis, n (%)
8 (9.8)
1 (16.7)
Other, n (%)
6 (7.3)
0 (0.0)
Exam setting
HR (bpm), mean ± SD
73.9 ± 13.3
85.0 ± 18.5
0.056
Sinus rhythm, n (%)
73 (89.0)
6 (100)
0.513
Length of study (minutes), mean ± SD
6.3 ± 3.1
14.7 ± 3.4
<0.001
Normal LVEF, n (%)++
42 (51.2)
2 (33.3)
0.676
LVEF (%), mean ± SD++
52.1 ± 11.3
38.9 ± 18.5
0.038
+As per cardiologist evaluation. As per medical student evaluation. ++As per expert echocardiographer assessment of the formal echocardiography. AI, artificial intelligence; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; n, number; SD, standard deviation. Bold values indicate the p value is statistically significant (less than 0.05).
