Effects of Hydroxycitric Acid Supplementation on Body Composition, Obesity Indices, Appetite, Leptin, and Adiponectin of Women with NAFLD on a Calorie-Restricted Diet
Table 4
Obesity indices and body composition of the study participants throughout the study.
Variable
Intervention
Control
Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD
Weight (kg)
Before
87.91 ± 13.64
83.97 ± 12.20
After
82.98 ± 11.06
82.04 ± 10.83
MD (CI 95%),
−4.92 (−8.99, −0.85) 0.021
−1.93 (−5.05, 1.20) 0.214
BMI (kg/m2)
Before
35.03 ± 4.39
32.88 ± 3.82
0.105
After
33.09 ± 3.41
32.12 ± 3.29
0.369
MD (CI 95%),
−1.94 (−3.50, −0.38) 0.017
−0.75 (−1.98, 0.47) 0.215
Waist circumference (cm)
Before
106.13 ± 10.71
104.48 ± 9.82
0.613
After
100.56 ± 7.21
102.08 ± 8.85
0.557
MD (CI 95%),
−5.57 (−9.30, −1.84) 0.006
−2.39 (−4.18, −0.61) 0.011
Hip circumference (cm)
Before
118.55 ± 9.59
114.71 ± 9.46
0.210
After
113.68 ± 6.33
111.87 ± 6.63
0.385
MD (CI 95%),
−4.87 (−8.25, −1.50) 0.007
−2.84 (−5.74, 0.07) 0.055
WHR
Before
0.90 ± 0.07
0.91 ± 0.05
0.449
After
0.88 ± 0.05
0.91 ± 0.05
0.103
MD (CI 95%),
−0.01 (−0.04, 0.01) 0.358
−0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) 0.916
WHtR
Before
0.67 ± 0.07
0.65 ± 0.06
0.405
After
0.64 ± 0.05
0.64 ± 0.05
0.896
MD (CI 95%),
−0.04 (−0.06, −0.01) 0.005
−0.16 (−0.03, −0.001) 0.009
FM (kg)
Before
42.22 ± 8.63
39.38 ± 7.91
0.284
After
39.29 ± 6.91
37.81 ± 6.18
0.482
MD (CI 95%),
−2.93 (−5.57, −0.09) 0.044
−1.57 (−4.01, 0.88) 0.197
SMM (kg)
Before
20.24 ± 3.19
19.62 ± 2.62
0.507
After
19.14 ± 2.45
19.01 ± 1.93
0.847
MD (CI 95%),
−1.09 (−2.03, −0.16) 0.024
−0.61 (−1.38, 0.16) 0.112
VAT (kg)
Before
8.52 ± 2.71
6.89 ± 2.11
0.039
After
8.03 ± 2.26
6.52 ± 1.79
0.024
MD (CI 95%),
−0.49 (−8.99, −0.85) 0.208
−0.37 (−0.91, 0.17) 0.167
Leptin (ng/mL)
Before
35.39 ± 9.06
40.95 ± 14.05
0.494
After
34.40 ± 7.07
36.64 ± 11.43
0.467
MD (CI 95%),
−0.99 (−5.32, 3.35) 0.638
−4.32 (−6.78, 15.41) 0.427
Adiponectin (µg/mL)
Before
19.75 ± 7.26
19.55 ± 6.87
0.958
After
15.85 ± 4.02
18.49 ± 7.29
0.361
MD (CI 95%),
−3.90 (−8.45, 0.64) 0.088
−1.06 (−0.64, 2.76) 0.207
Leptin/adiponectin
Before
2.01 ± 0.49
2.12 ± 0.44
0.446
After
2.24 ± 0.53
2.19 ± 0.38
0.729
MD (CI 95%),
0.23 (−0.56, 0.10) 0.155
0.07 (−0.31, 0.18) 0.580
BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; WhtR, waist to height ratio; FM, fat mass; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; VAT, visceral adipose tissue. Anthropometric measures in this table have been previously published [29]. value for independent sample t-test; value for paired t-test; value for ANCOVA adjusted for baseline values. A value <0.05 is statistically significant.
