Association between the Weight-Adjusted Waist Index and Serum Uric Acid: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of all the participants were stratified according to the quartile of the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI).
Variables# WWI quartile
Total
Quintile categories of WWI (cm/√ kg)
value
Q1 (8.38–10.41)
Q2 (10.41–10.98)
Q3 (10.98–11.56)
Q4 (11.56–14.14)
Participants
6494
1624
1623
1623
1624
SUA (μmol/L)
327.00 ± 84.37
312.41 ± 78.96
321.97 ± 80.75
334.88 ± 84.40
338.75 ± 90.39
<0.001
Age (years)
47.46 ± 16.78
36.58 ± 13.38
44.88 ± 14.96
51.27 ± 15.55
57.09 ± 15.78
<0.001
Sex (%)
<0.001
Male
3419 (52.65%)
1028 (63.30%)
931 (57.36%)
856 (52.74%)
604 (37.19%)
Female
3075 (47.35%)
596 (36.70%)
692 (42.64%)
767 (47.26%)
1020 (62.81%)
Race (%)
<0.001
Mexican American
856 (13.18%)
128 (7.88%)
206 (12.69%)
263 (16.20%)
259 (15.95%)
Other Hispanic
684 (10.53%)
121 (7.45%)
175 (10.78%)
197 (12.14%)
191 (11.76%)
Non-Hispanic White
2575 (39.65%)
609 (37.50%)
622 (38.32%)
624 (38.45%)
720 (44.33%)
Non-Hispanic Black
1481 (22.81%)
462 (28.45%)
357 (22.00%)
349 (21.50%)
313 (19.27%)
Other races/ethnicity
898 (13.83%)
304 (18.72%)
263 (16.20%)
190 (11.71%)
141 (8.68%)
Education level (%)
<0.001
Less than high school
1186 (18.26%)
192 (11.82%)
254 (15.65%)
331 (20.39%)
409 (25.18%)
High school or GED
1474 (22.70%)
354 (21.80%)
330 (20.33%)
415 (25.57%)
375 (23.09%)
Above high school
3834 (59.04%)
1078 (66.38%)
1039 (64.02%)
877 (54.04%)
840 (51.72%)
The ratio of family income to poverty
2.57 ± 1.64
2.72 ± 1.69
2.73 ± 1.66
2.59 ± 1.62
2.24 ± 1.53
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
29.43 ± 7.14
24.89 ± 4.86
28.03 ± 5.44
30.54 ± 6.35
34.26 ± 7.94
<0.001
Energy intake (kcal)
2099.19 ± 850.07
2280.81 ± 918.99
2149.26 ± 829.47
2064.07 ± 849.48
1902.61 ± 749.82
<0.001
Protein intake (gm)
82.41 ± 37.04
90.22 ± 42.19
85.44 ± 35.94
80.06 ± 35.34
73.91 ± 31.96
<0.001
Carbohydrate intake (gm)
246.75 ± 108.10
267.66 ± 116.71
249.88 ± 105.64
244.67 ± 108.71
224.79 ± 96.07
<0.001
Dietary fiber intake (gm)
16.81 ± 9.54
17.66 ± 10.17
17.41 ± 9.54
17.03 ± 9.76
15.15 ± 8.41
<0.001
Total fat intake (gm)
82.18 ± 39.37
87.06 ± 41.43
84.03 ± 38.89
81.40 ± 39.84
76.25 ± 36.41
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.88 ± 0.92
2.70 ± 0.85
2.95 ± 0.89
2.97 ± 0.94
2.89 ± 0.97
<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.39 ± 0.41
1.49 ± 0.41
1.40 ± 0.42
1.35 ± 0.41
1.34 ± 0.40
<0.001
TG (mmol/L)
1.25 ± 0.73
0.98 ± 0.62
1.23 ± 0.75
1.36 ± 0.74
1.42 ± 0.73
<0.001
TCHO (mmol/L)
4.84 ± 1.05
4.64 ± 0.97
4.91 ± 1.02
4.94 ± 1.08
4.89 ± 1.11
<0.001
Albumin, urine (mg/L)
45.97 ± 286.13
21.31 ± 121.14
27.86 ± 153.72
49.73 ± 313.02
84.97 ± 434.58
<0.001
Creatinine, urine (μmol/L)
11662.59 ± 7160.83
12293.42 ± 7889.45
11850.50 ± 7033.55
11670.11 ± 7006.76
10836.46 ± 6578.52
<0.001
Albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g)
41.61 ± 277.36
18.07 ± 130.60
26.88 ± 237.19
43.70 ± 286.36
77.77 ± 387.86
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
5.77 ± 1.15
5.39 ± 0.79
5.62 ± 1.00
5.85 ± 1.12
6.22 ± 1.42
<0.001
SBP (mmHg)
122.82 ± 17.70
117.03 ± 14.75
121.11 ± 16.51
125.19 ± 18.28
127.95 ± 19.01
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
71.29 ± 12.37
69.29 ± 10.89
72.26 ± 11.57
72.54 ± 12.72
71.05 ± 13.84
<0.001
Heavy alcohol consumption (%)
0.003
Yes
1064 (16.38%)
243 (14.96%)
234 (14.42%)
292 (17.99%)
295 (18.17%)
No
5430 (83.62%)
1381 (85.04%)
1389 (85.58%)
1331 (82.01%)
1329 (81.83%)
Smoking status (%)
<0.001
Yes
3070 (47.27%)
681 (41.93%)
703 (43.31%)
833 (51.32%)
853 (52.52%)
No
3424 (52.73%)
943 (58.07%)
920 (56.69%)
790 (48.68%)
771 (47.48%)
Minutes sedentary activity (minute)
366.43 ± 202.35
359.24 ± 197.86
370.74 ± 205.89
355.52 ± 199.05
380.23 ± 205.71
0.002
Mean ± SD for continuous variables: the value was calculated by the Kruskal–Wallis test. % for categorical variables: the value was calculated by Fisher’s exact test. WWI, weight-adjusted waist index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density leptin cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TCHO, total cholesterol; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
