Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Impact on Human Health

Figure 3

Novel biological systems which composed of four main steps; the Design, build, test and learn (or application) (DBTL) cycle. Following the selection of a certain organism, and determination of the purpose of biosynthesis of GEM, the specific technique was applied to produce a modified organism. The modified organism is being investigated in different clinical trial phases. There are different laboratory and genetic techniques for producing engineered phages (A) and engineered bacteria (B). BRED: bacteriophage recombineering of electroporated DNA, CRISPR-Cas: clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeats CRISPR associated, BAC: bacterial artificial chromosome.