Blood Features Associated with Viral Infection Severity: An Experience from COVID-19-Pandemic Patients Hospitalized in the Center of Iran, Yazd

Table 3

Circulating biomarkers and associated miRNAs related to organ dysfunction and abnormalities in COVID-19.

Infection-related organ dysfunction	Classic biomarkers	Elevated miRNAs (show significant association with biomarkers)	References
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	D-Dimer, PT, PLT%, IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 [9, 25, 26]	miR-181, miR-101, miR-155, miR-320, miR-92, miR-93, miR-144, miR-34a	[30–35]
Systemic inflammatory response [1, 16, 21]	Ferritin, CRP, N/L, PT, Het/Alb, IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 [9, 25, 26]	miR-223, miR-222, miR-126, miR-155, miR-320, miR-93, miR-142	[33, 36–39]
Neutrophilia	Neutrophil count, WBC, N/L	miR-155, miR-320, miR-93, miR-146a, miR-221, miR-29, miR-21,	[30, 40–43]
Lymphocytopenia	Lymphocyte count, WBC, N/L, ferritin, IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6 [5, 25]	miR-155, miR-320, miR-93, miR-144, miR-223	[33–36]
Thrombocytopenia	PLT count, PT, PDW, IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ [25]	miR-126, miR-320, miR-223, miR-197, miR-191, miR-21, miR-96, miR-98	[42, 44, 45]
Anemia	RBC, Hb, RDW, LDH, K^+, IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ [25]	miR-144, miR-320	[46–49]
WBC count	Leukocyte count, N/L, Het/Alb	miR-150, miR-143, miR-223, miR-155, miR-320, miR-93	[30, 33, 34, 36, 40, 42, 48–51]
Endothelial dysfunction [4, 17, 18]	PLT count, PT	miR-126, miR-223, miR-222, miR-34a	[33, 39]
Coagulation abnormalities (DIC, DVT, and multiorgan thrombosis) [7, 21, 22]	D-Dimer, PT, PLT%	miR-221, miR-222, miR-223, miR-146, miR-126, miR-155, miR-21, miR-320	[31, 40, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53]
Cholangiocyte/bile duct dysfunction and hepatocyte damage [16, 17]	Alkaline-P, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, bilirubin	miR-122 (early), miR-34a, miR-193, miR-187-3p	[54, 55]
Kidney function impairment and injuries	Urea, Cr, Na^+, K^+, hypocalcaemia	miR-21, miR-210, miR-34, miR-92a, miR-93, miR-223	[36, 56–59]
Myopathic changes, myofibril necrosis [19, 20]	CPK, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, urea, Cr	miR-133a, miR-155, miR-126, miR-206, miR-208a, miR-34	[52, 60–62]

PLT: platelet; PT: prothrombin time; CRP: C-reactive protein; N/L: neutrophil/lymphocyte; Het/Alb: hematocrit/albumin; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; SGOT: serum glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase; GPT: serum glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase; CPK: creatine kinase; WBC: white blood cell; RBC: red blood cell; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; Cr: creatinine.