The Efficacy and Safety of Hyperthermic Intravesical Chemotherapy Compared with Other Instillation Methods in Treating Intermediate- and High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Search strategy according to populations, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study designs (PICOS).

	Populations	Interventions	Comparisons	Outcomes	Study design
Inclusion criteria	Intermediate/high risk NMIBC after TURBT	Intravesical chemohyperthermia with strict conditions: MMC instillation for one year under 42–45°C, using the method of “recirculation of heated chemotherapy”	Chemotherapy instillation using MMC or immune instillation using BCG (body temperature)	Efficacy: 1–3 years RFS; 1–3 years PFS; 5 years OS. Safety: total AEs; severe AEs	Randomized controlled trials
Exclusion criteria	Non-intermediate/high risk NMIBC, or patients did not undergo the TURBT surgery	Not performed; using other instillation methods besides HIVEC: RITE, EMDA, etc.	Not performed; instillation methods using other drugs	Not including appropriate outcome indicators	Editorials, commentaries, reviews, case reports, case series, and single-arm studies