Do Behavioral Risk Factors for Prediabetes and Insulin Resistance Differ across the Socioeconomic Gradient? Results from a Community-Based Epidemiologic Survey
Table 1
Characteristics of BACH-3 analytic sample (), overall and by fasting glucose/diabetes status.
Total
Fasting glucose/diabetes status
Unaffected (27.7%)
Prediabetes*** (64.6%)
Prediabetes or insulin resistant (69.2%)***
Insulin resistance HOMA model*
Mean (SE) = 1.9 (1.0)
Age, y mean SE
54.0 (0.5)
50.8 (0.8)
53.7 (0.6)
53.5 (0.6)
0.05
Gender, %
Male
1184 (46.5%)
241 (47.8%)
559 (43.9%)
599 (44.5%)
2.04 (1.05)
Female
1971 (53.5%)
399 (52.2%)
973 (56.1%)
1028 (55.5%)
1.73 (1.05)
BMI, mean SE
29.5 (0.2)
27.6 (0.3)
29.3 (0.3)
29.4 (0.3%)
0.41
Waist circumference, cm mean SE
97.0 (0.5)
91.9 (1.0)
95.8 (0.7)
96.2 (0.6%)
0.45
Education
<HS
618 (7.9%)
76 (3.4%)
246 (7.2%)
259 (7.0%)
2.24 (1.09)
HS or GED
948 (24.4%)
173 (21%)
454 (23.1%)
483 (23.1%)
2.24 (1.06)
Some college
671 (20.5%)
139 (18.2%)
332 (21%)
354 (21.2%)
2.06 (1.07)
College or advanced
916 (47.1%)
251 (57.4%)
499 (48.7%)
531 (48.8%)
1.60 (1.05)
Income
<$20,000
1338 (27.0%)
204 (19.1%)
577 (23.8%)
615 (24.5%)
2.43 (1.07)
$20,000–$49,999
914 (25.1%)
181 (21.2%)
472 (27.1%)
498 (26.7%)
1.97 (1.05)
>$50,000
902 (48.0%)
93 (59.7%)
482 (49.2%)
514 (48.8%)
1.68 (1.07)
Race/ethnicity
Black
1026 (27.1%)
140 (13.8%)
504 (29.1%)
531 (28.6%)
2.30 (1.06)
Hispanic
1036 (12.2%)
195 (11.6%)
475 (12.5%)
507 (12.7%)
1.96 (1.08)
White
1093 (60.7%)
305 (74.6%)
553 (58.4%)
589 (58.7%)
1.69 (1.05)
Physical activity
Low
1244 (32.2%)
185 (25%)
546 (30.7%)
580 (30.8%)
2.14 (1.06)
Medium
1492 (51.2%)
346 (57%)
768 (52.3%)
812 (51.9%)
1.75 (1.05)
High
417 (16.6%)
109 (18%)
218 (17%)
235 (17.3%)
1.75 (1.08)
Smoking status
Never
1386 (45.2%)
295 (48.5%)
685 (46.3%)
727 (46.3%)
1.83 (1.05)
Former
1160 (36.2%)
231 (35.6%)
541 (35%)
573 (34.8%)
1.85 (1.05)
Current
608 (18.6%)
113 (15.9%)
306 (18.7%)
327 (18.9%)
2.03 (1.09)
Total Diet Quality score**
0.67 0.02, 1.42
0.68 0.03, 1.43
0.69 0.03, 1.43
0.69 0.04, 1.43
−0.02
Sleep duration
<6.5 HR
1477 (41.9%)
238 (32.7%)
706 (41.4%)
740 (40.6%)
2.08 (1.05)
6.5–<8.0 HR
881 (32.4%)
221 (41%)
443 (31.5%)
473 (31.7%)
1.61 (1.06)
≥8.0 HR
795 (25.7%)
181 (26.3%)
383 (27.2%)
414 (27.7%)
1.89 (1.06)
HOMA-IR*
1.86 (1.05)
1.27 (1.05)
1.86 (1.04)
2.68 (0.12)
NA
Family history of diabetes
1686 (46.5%)
276 (36.8%)
751 (45.7%)
792 (45.2)
2.09 (1.05)
Geometric means are presented for categorical variables and weighted Pearson’s correlations are presented for continuous variables. Insulin resistance was collected on subjects with fasting glucose. **Median interquartile range presented for skewed predictors. ***Conducted among nondiabetic subjects.
