Relationship between Thyroid Function and Kidney Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the study participants in different thyroid function groups.

	Total ()	Subclinical hyperthyroidism ()	Euthyroid ()	Subclinical hypothyroidism ()
Age (years)	62 ± 11^#	64 ± 11	62 ± 11	66 ± 10
Gender (male, %)	2909 (49.0)^#	133 (53.6)	2670 (50.1)	106 (29.3)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.9 ± 3.5^#	24.1 ± 3.0	24.9 ± 3.5	25.4 ± 3.9
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	89.9 ± 22.6^#	88.5 ± 24.6	90.5 ± 22.4	82.7 ± 22.4
UAE (mg/24 h)	90 ± 231	90 ± 198	88 ± 229	114 ± 278
HbA1c	9.2 ± 2.6^#	9.6 ± 2.1	9.2 ± 2.6	8.6 ± 1.9
Hypertension	3547 (59.8)	144 (58.1)	3167 (59.5)	236 (65.2)
Duration of diabetes	8.2 ± 0.1^#	8.7 ± 0.5	8.1 ± 0.1	9.0 ± 0.4
Duration of hypertension	11.1 ± 8.8	11.8 ± 10.1	11.0 ± 8.7	11.2 ± 8.9
ACEI/ARB (%)	1614 (45.5)	53 (36.8)	1445 (45.6)	116 (49.2)
Metformin (%)	1127 (19.0)^#	38 (15.3)	1001 (18.8)	88 (24.3)
Insulin (%)	1956 (33.0)	86 (34.7)	1759 (33.0)	111 (30.7)
Sulphonylureas (%)	1926 (32.4)	88 (35.5)	1736 (32.6)	102 (28.2)
CKD (%)	629 (10.6)^#	33 (13.3)	538 (10.1)	58 (16.0)
Stage
I	3418 (57.7)	135 (54.4)	3130 (58.8)	153 (42.3)
II	1889 (31.8)	80 (32.3)	1658 (31.1)	151 (41.7)
III	539 (9.1)	26 (10.5)	466 (8.8)	47 (13.0)
IV	71 (1.2)	5 (2.0)	57 (1.1)	9 (2.5)
V	19 (0.3)	2 (0.8)	15 (0.3)	2 (0.6)
Abnormal UAE (%)	2087 (35.2)	98 (39.5)	1847 (34.7)	142 (39.2)
Microalbuminuria (%)	1610 (27.1)	79 (31.9)	1420 (26.7)	111 (30.7)
Macroalbuminuria (%)	477 (8.0)	19 (7.7)	427 (8.0)	31 (8.6)

, compared with euthyroid group; , compared among subclinical hyperthyroidism, euthyroid, and subclinical hypothyroidism. BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; UAE: 24-hour urine albumin excretion; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; CKD: chronic kidney disease, eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²; stage I, eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m²; stage II, 90 > eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m²; stage III, 60 > eGFR ≥ 30 ml/min/1.73 m²; stage IV, 30 > eGFR ≥ 15 ml/min/1.73 m²; stage V, eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m²; abnormal UAE, UAE > 30 mg/24 h; microalbuminuria, UAE 30–299 mg/24 h; macroalbuminuria, UAE ≥ 300 mg/24 h.