SGLT2 Inhibitors, GLP-1 Agonists, and DPP-4 Inhibitors in Diabetes and Microvascular Complications: A Review

Table 3

Overview of the ophthalmological protective studies.

Authors/Study	Treatment	Size	Duration	Population		Outcome
				Clinical	Animal
Takakura et al. [19]	Ipragliflozin	44	12 weeks		SDT fatty and SD rats	Reduced prolonged peak latency
Gonçalves et al. [34]	Sitagliptin	30	4 weeks		STZ-induced diabetic rats	Decreased retinal inflammatory state and neuronal apoptosis; Inhibited the BRB breakdown
Maeda et al. [35]	Vildagliptin	26	10 weeks		Obese rats with DM II	Inhibited inflammatory and thrombogenic reactions in the retinas
Dietrich et al. [36]	Linagliptin	44	24 weeks		STZ-induced diabetic rats	Protective effect on the retinal microvasculature
Ott et al. [37]	Saxagliptin	50	6 weeks	DM II		Reduced retinal capillary flow
Chung et al. [38]	DPP-4	82		DM II		Slowed progression of retinopathy
Lee et al. [39]	Sitagliptin	—		DM II; High CV risk		Increased retinal vascular permeability and leakage
Marso et al. [12]/LEADER	Liraglutide	9340	3.8 years	DM II; High CV risk		Increased retinopathy
Marso et al. [15]/SUSTAIN-6	Semaglutide	3297	2 years	DM II; High CV risk		Increased retinopathy
Varadhan et al. [42, 43]	Exenatide	165		DM II		Increased retinopathy and then improved

DM II: diabetes mellitus type 2; DM: diabetes mellitus; SD: Sprague Dawley; SDT: spontaneously diabetic Torii; STZ: streptozotocin; CV: cardiovascular.