Abstract
Objective. Stimulator-attached dissecting instruments are useful for intraoperative nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of an attachable ring stimulator (ARS) by comparing the electromyography (EMG) amplitudes evoked by an ARS and a conventional stimulator. Methods. Medical records of fourteen patients who underwent thyroidectomy using intraoperative neuromonitoring between June and August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 signals were checked using both the ARS and a conventional stimulator, at the same point. Results. Both stimulators were tested on 20 recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) and 20 vagus nerves (VNs). In all the nerves, the amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 were greater than 500 μV. The mean amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 checked with the ARS were 1175, 1432, 1598, and 1279 μV, respectively. The mean amplitudes of V1, R1, R2, and V2 checked with the conventional stimulator were 1140, 1425, 1557, and 1217 μV, respectively. Difference between amplitudes evoked by the two stimulators for V1, R1, R2, and V2 was 77, 110, 102, and 99 μV, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the amplitudes between the two groups for V1, R1, R2, and V2. Conclusion. The ARS transferred electric stimulation as effectively as the conventional stimulator. It is an effective tool for repeated stimulation and facilitates continuous feedback regarding the functional integrity of nerves during thyroid surgery.
1. Introduction
One of the most common surgical complications of thyroid surgery is recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. The incidence of transient palsy is reported to be as high as 5.2% and as high as 3.6% for permanent palsy [1, 2]. Although identification of the RLN is a routine and safe procedure, it is often difficult to evaluate the intactness of the RLN by naked eye visualization [3]. Therefore, since 1970, in bilateral procedures, it has been recommended that the contralateral lobe should not be resected until the integrity of the RLN has been confirmed by stimulation with an electrical current [4]. Nowadays, intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is widely employed in thyroid surgery to monitor the functional intactness of the RLN and vagus nerve (VN).
In thyroid surgery, RLN injury occurs most frequently during traction of the thyroid gland or dissection of the soft tissue surrounding the RLN. Excessive traction on the thyroid can result in stretch injury of the RLN by Berry’s ligament. Using energy-based devices for soft tissue dissection can cause thermal injury to the RLN [5, 6]. Using intermittent IONM (I-IONM), nerve function can be evaluated only when the nerve is stimulated, but not during surgical maneuvers between stimulations. Therefore, nerve injury cannot be avoided because nerve injury can only be detected after the injury has occurred.
Recently, we adopted the use of an attachable ring stimulator (ARS; product name: stimulating ring electrode; product number: RSE1000; Medtronic, FL, Figure 1). During RLN dissection, the ARS was connected to mosquito forceps and continuously delivered an electric current to the RLN. The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of the ARS by comparing the electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the vocal cord evoked by both the conventional stimulator (Figure 2, Prass Standard Monopolar Stimulator Probe, Medtronic, FL) and the ARS.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
The medical records of patients who underwent thyroidectomy using I-IONM between June and August 2019 at Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center were retrospectively reviewed. Surgery was performed by a single surgeon (Y. J. C). The institutional review board at Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center approved this study (IRB no. L-2019-132).
2.2. Anesthesiology and Monitoring Setup
Anesthesia was induced with glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg), lidocaine (30 mg), propofol (1.5 mg/kg), and fentanyl (100 μg). After confirming loss of consciousness, rocuronium (0.3 ≥ 0.6 mg/kg) was administered for muscle relaxation. A pillow was placed beneath the neck for neck extension, prior to intubation, to avoid tube displacement during patient positioning. Then, a NIM® EMG endotracheal tube (Medtronic, FL) was inserted for IONM (Figure 3). The electrode on the EMG endotracheal tube was positioned 1.5 cm below the arytenoid cartilage so that the electrode would be situated at the level of the vocal cord. Sugammadex (1 mg/kg) was administered to reverse the neuromuscular blockage effect of rocuronium. Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol and remifentanil using a target-controlled infusion system. All anesthetic procedures were performed or supervised by a single anesthesiologist (J. L).
All setup and monitoring were performed in compliance with the standards outlined in the International Neural Monitoring Study Group (INMSG) guidelines [7]. Stimulation duration was set at 100 ms, the event threshold at 100 mV, and the stimulus current at 1 mA, with a frequency of 4 Hz. The RLN was considered to be successfully stimulated when the EMG amplitude was above 500 μV during stimulation. Troubleshooting algorithms provided in the INMSG guideline 2018 were applied if the EMG amplitude was below 500 μV [8]. For each surgery, the largest EMG amplitudes during stimulation were recorded.
2.3. Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Procedures
All patients underwent indirect laryngoscopic vocal cord examination and evaluation before and after thyroid lobectomy. During surgery, the ARS was attached to mosquito forceps for nerve stimulation. According to IONM guidelines, signals were recorded as follows: EMG amplitudes of the V1 (VN signal before surgical dissection), R1 (RLN signal at initial identification), R2 (RLN signal after thyroid removal and hemostasis), and V2 (VN signal after thyroid removal and hemostasis) [9]. In each patient, the carotid sheath was opened and the VN was fully exposed before testing V1 and the RLN was also fully exposed before testing R1. After the thyroid gland removal, the EMG amplitudes of the R2 and V2 signals were checked. V1, R1, R2, and V2 were checked using both the ARS and the conventional stimulator, at the same point, to compare the amplitudes evoked by each of the stimulators.
2.4. Statistics
Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). For continuous variables, data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and Student’s t-test was used to compare the data between groups.
3. Results
Fifteen patients (1 males, 14 females) were included in this study (Table 1). Both an ARS and a conventional stimulator were tested on 40 nerves (20 RLN, 20 VN). The mean age of the patients was 48.1 ± 14.9 years. Mean tumor size was 1.5 ± 0.8 cm. Ten patients underwent thyroid lobectomy, and five patients underwent total thyroidectomy. No patient had vocal cord palsy on postoperative indirect laryngoscopic examination. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was successfully conducted in all patients, without any technical failure.
Table 2 demonstrates the EMG amplitude profiles of the RLN and VN stimulated by the ARS and the conventional stimulator. The mean amplitudes evoked by the ARS and the conventional stimulator were 1175 ± 658 μV and 1140 ± 650 μV for the V1, 1432 ± 789 μV and 1425 ± 763 μV for the R1, 1598 ± 828 μV and 1557 ± 830 μV for the R2, and 1279 ± 716 μV and 1217 ± 679 μV for the V2 signal. There was no statistical difference in the amplitudes between the two groups for V1 (), R1 (), R2 (), and V2 (). The mean difference between the amplitudes evoked by the two stimulators for V1, R1, R2, and V2 was 77 ± 114 μV (range 5 to 530), 110 ± 152 μV (range 2 to 670), 102 ± 103 μV (range 6 to 3639), and 99 ± 79 μV (range 1 to 372), respectively.
4. Discussion
Intermittent IONM is a significant modality for monitoring RLN and VN functions during thyroid surgery, and it predicts postoperative vocal cord function well. However, there is no evidence that the use of I-IONM reduces the incidence of RLN injury during thyroid surgery. One possible explanation for this is that I-IONM does not provide real-time feedback about RLN or VN function during surgical maneuvers [10]. On the other hand, C-IONM is an ideal modality to monitor the intactness of the RLN and the VN because it offers real-time feedback to surgeons. In a C-IONM system, continuous automatic stimulation is applied to the VN, and the EMG signal evoked by the vocal cord is monitored via electrodes on the endotracheal tube [11]. This facilitates the early detection of adverse EMG changes and alerts surgeons of the need to suspend surgical maneuvers immediately, thus preventing nerve injury [12, 13]. However, C-IONM has several limitations. First, additional procedures are required to use this device: the carotid sheath should be dissected, the VN should be fully exposed, the VN should be lifted, and the stimulating device should be applied on the VN. Second, continuous VN stimulation can cause hemodynamic instability, although the risk is low [14]. Last, C-IONM is costly because a device which delivers electric current to the VN is required. Considering the low incidence of RLN palsy, C-IONM cannot be used in all thyroid surgery cases because it may not be cost-effective [15].
In order to continuously monitor the RLN during thyroid surgery, without the use of C-IONM devices, stimulators have been connected to surgical instruments used near the RLN, including dissecting forceps and an energy-based device [14, 16, 17]. Studies reported that the EMG amplitudes evoked by this approach were comparable with those of a conventional stimulator. Another recent study introduced a detachable magnetic stimulator which could be attached to any metallic surgical instrument. This study also reported comparable nerve stimulation amplitudes between the detachable magnetic stimulator and a conventional stimulator [18].
The ARS is advantageous during the thyroid surgery in terms of time saving. Although it still takes time to move the ARS from one instrument to the other when the surgeon wants to change dissecting surgical instruments, alternating between the nerve stimulator and the dissecting instrument is more time-consuming and cumbersome compared to ARS. If the dissecting instrument is connected to the stimulator, the surgeon can stimulate the RLN with the dissecting instrument more frequently, and the time interval between stimulations is reduced. When the RLN is located in an unexpected position and the risk of RLN injury is particularly high, such as with nonrecurrent or bifurcated RLN [19, 20], a stimulator-connected dissector is helpful to locate the RLN because the EMG signal can be detected during exploration, before visual identification. In addition, stretch injury during soft tissue dissection may be avoided because the RLN is monitored continuously while the soft tissue covering the RLN is dissected. If the RLN is overstretched during dissection, the EMG amplitude decreases below threshold, which alerts the surgeon of the pending RLN injury so that surgical maneuvers may be suspended. Likewise, if an energy-based device is applied to the soft tissue while spreading the soft tissue with the dissecting instruments, the thermal effect of the energy-based device on the RLN can be monitored.
In this study, the amplitudes evoked by the ARS and the conventional stimulator were comparable. In addition, there are additional advantages related to the ARS used in the current study. The ARS can be easily attached to most surgical instruments (such as mosquito forceps, tonsil forceps, Mixter forceps, and Metzenbaum scissors) by tightening a rubber ring. The ARS was developed to monitor nerves originating from the spinal cord in spinal surgery and has been used following approval from the regulatory administrative body. Unlike other attachable stimulators, which cannot be used without approval from the local medical administrative body, the ARS used in this study is already commercialized and can be used without regulatory approval. As a disadvantage, stimulus cannot be delivered to the nerve if the rubber ring becomes loosened from the surgical instrument. Therefore, the tightness of the rubber ring should be closely monitored.
The most common reason for IONM failure is malposition of the endotracheal tube [7]. In fact, upward or downward migration of the endotracheal tube by 1 cm can cause a significant decrease in EMG amplitude [21, 22]. During patient positioning, tube migration more than 1 cm occurs in 12.7% of the patients [23] and tube repositioning is required in 5% of patients [24]. In this study, prior to intubation, a pillow was placed beneath the patient’s neck for neck extension to avoid tube displacement during patient positioning. In the current study, the EMG amplitudes of the RLN and VN were above 500 μV.
There are limitations in the use of the ARS. First, the instruments used in this study had no insulation coating which resulted in electrical current shunting and no EMG response if the shaft of the instrument was in contact with skin or soft tissue while the surgeon stimulated the RLN with the tip of the instrument. Therefore, the surgeon used a high-stimulus current (2 or 3 mA) before visualizing the RLN and had to avoid touching the surrounding tissue during nerve stimulation. We propose that insulated instruments with the tip being only exposed should be developed for more effective stimulation. Second, the ARS basically facilitates I-IONM, although the surgeon can stimulate the RLN continuously around the RLN using the ARS and receive continuous feedback. The ARS only gives information about the integrity of the RLN distal to the stimulation point, and the integrity of the proximity to the stimulation point cannot be assessed. In addition, the amplitude may alter depending on the conditions such as the dissector’s contacting area with the nerve or contact duration. Therefore, C-IONM, which monitors RLN integrity along its whole course of the neck by stimulating the VN is more effective than the ARS in terms of real-time evaluation of the traction injury. In addition, latency changes as a component of EMG changes in case of impending nerve injury cannot be determined with the ARS. Thus, the ARS may be inferior to C-IONM in terms of preventing tractional nerve injury.
5. Conclusions
This study demonstrated that ARS can be safely used for IONM during thyroid surgery and that the ARS transferred electric stimulation as effectively as a conventional stimulator. The ARS may be used to obtain real-time feedback about the functional status of the RLN during thyroid surgery.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contributions
Jongjin Kim and Hyeon Jong Moon contributed equally to this study as co-first authors.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, NRF-2016R1E1A1A01942072). The authors would like to thank Jun Hwa Kang for photographs.