|
| Study | Study population | Euthyroid | ESS | Hyperthyroid | Hypothyroid | Thyroid dysfunction (TD) and lab | Conclusion | Limitation |
|
| Chen et al. [3] | 50 COVID-19/54 controls/50 non-COVID-19 controls | 36% | 30% | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | Both ↓TSH and ↓TT3 may be important in the course of COVID-19 | Retrospective. Total hormones measured. Drug interference. Pituitary hormones not measured. |
| Zou et al. [4] | 149 patients | 72% | 27.5% | Not determined | Not determined | ESS associated with ↓lymphocyte, ↑sedimentation, ↑CRP, ↑procalcitonin | Both FT3 and CRP predict COVID-19 severity | Retrospective, small groups, drug interference. |
| Muller et al. [5] | HICU-2019: 78, HICU-2020: 85, and LICU-2020: 41 patients | Not determined | Not determined | HICU-2020: 15%, HICU-2019: 1%, LICU-2020: 2% | Not determined | Not determined | Atypic thyroiditis was associated with COVID-19 | Thyroid hormones not measured in all patients. Thyroid imaging 2 months after infection. |
| Lania et al. [6] | 287 patients | 74.6% | Not determined | 9.4% scl.
20.2% overt | 5.2% scl.
2 overt | Thyrotoxicosis related to ↑IL-6 | Thyrotoxicosis may be associated with COVID-19 | Drug interference. Thyroid hormone not measured in all patients. |
| Gao et al. [7] | 100 patients | Not determined | 28% | Not determined | 8% | ↓FT3 related to ↑CRP, IL-6, TNF-α in survivors | FT3 <3.10 pmol/l had ↑all-cause mortality | Most patients were severely ill. |
| Khoo et al. [8] | 334 COVID-19, 122 control | 86.6% | Not determined | 5.4% | 5.7% | ↓TSH related to ↑CRP and ↑cortisol
↑FT4 related to ↑CRP | Most patients euthyroid had mild reduction in TSH and FT4 | Single center. Clinical severity not evaluated. |
| Lui et al. [9] | 191 patients | 87% | Not determined | 7.3% | 0.5% | ↓T3 related to ↑sedim, CRP, LDH | ↓T3 related to COVID-19 severity | No control group. Thyroid hormone not measured in all patients. |
| Zhang et al. [10] | 71 patients | 64% | 16.9% | 5.6% | 12.6% | TD related to ↑neutrophil, ↑CRP, ↑LDH, ↑CK, ↓lymphocyte | TD related to ↑fatality rate, ↑length of hospitalization | Retrospective. Small study population. Antibodies were not measured. |
| Schwarz et al. [11] | 54 patients | 63% | 37% | Thyroid hormones | Not determined | Low T3 related to death, ventilation and ICU | FT3 level can serve as a prognostic marker for disease severity | Small study population. |
| Campi et al. [12] | 115 patients | 48% | 33% | Not determined | Not determined | ↑Cortisol, CRP, IL-6 levels high in patients with ESS | Low T3 related to mortality | No control group |
| Malik et al. [13] | 48 COVID-19, 28 control | 21% | Not determined | Not determined | Not determined | IL-6 was associated with abnormal thyroid function tests | TSH and TT3 levels were lower in COVID-19 patients | Small cohort, short follow-up.
FT3, FT4, and pituitary hormones were not measured. |
| This study | 205 patients (single center) | 34.1% | 52.6% | 14.6% | 3.4% | CRP, d-dimer, ferritin, procalcitonin were high, and lymphocyte was low in ESS | High-risk cluster with a lower median FT3, a higher median FT4 value, and a lower median TSH value included 9 of 11 died patients. | No control group. Autoantibodies were measured in early period. |
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