Vitamin D Deficiency in Lebanese Adults: Prevalence and Predictors from a Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study

Table 2

Bivariate association of 25OHD level categorized based on the Institute of Medicine definition with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors (N = 466).

		Deficient	Insufficient†	Sufficient	value
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (mean ± SD)		44.3 ± 14.0	44.4 ± 15.7	45.6 ± 16.3	0.41
Age categorized	18–35	51 (36.4%)	47 (33.6%)	42 (30.0%)	0.16
	35–55	84 (43.1%)	63 (32.3%)	48 (24.6%)
	55–65	34 (39.1%)	32 (36.8%)	21 (24.1%)
	>65	12 (28.6%)	11 (26.2%)	19 (45.2%)
Gender	Female	152 (51.5%)	68 (23.1%)	75 (25.4%)	<0.001
	Male	30 (17.5%)	85 (49.7%)	56 (32.7%)
Marital status	Single	85 (49.7%)	38 (40.0%)	30 (31.6%)	0.11
	Married	56 (32.7%)	91 (29.6%)	84 (27.4%)
	Other	23 (35.9%)	24 (37.5%)	17 (26.6%)
Education	No/primary	75 (44.6%)	52 (31.0%)	41 (24.4%)	0.04
	Intermediate	55 (44.4%)	39 (31.5%)	30 (24.2%)
	Secondary	37 (30.8%)	40 (33.3%)	43 (35.8%)
	University	12 (24.0%)	21 (42.0%)	17 (34.0%)
Income	<600$	60 (44.1%)	49 (36.0%)	27 (19.9%)	0.02
	600–< 2000$	94 (38.1%)	72 (29.1%)	81 (32.8%)
	>2000$	9 (25.7%)	16 (45.7%)	10 (28.6%)
Lifestyle characteristics
Cigarette smoking	Never	88 (40.0%)	64 (29.1%)	68 (30.9%)	0.18
	Current	81 (40.7%)	71 (35.7%)	47 (23.6%)
	Exsmoker	13 (27.7%)	18 (38.3%)	16 (34.0%)
Water-pipe smoking	Never	112 (39.2%)	98 (34.3%)	76 (26.6%)	0.11
	Current	60 (44.1%)	38 (27.9%)	38 (27.9%)
	Exsmoker	10 (22.7%)	17 (38.6%)	17 (38.6%)
Alcohol	Never	163 (47.2%)	97 (28.1%)	85 (24.6%)	<0.001
	Current	12 (13.5%)	44 (49.4%)	33 (37.1%)
	Exdrinker	7 (21.9%)	12 (37.5%)	13 (40.6%)
Physical activity	Any PA	155 (39.3%)	128 (32.5%)	111 (28.2%)	0.92

Deficient (<30 nmol/L); insufficient (30–50 nmol/L); sufficient (>50 nmol/L). ^†Deficient (<50 nmol/L); insufficient (50–75 nmol/L); sufficient (>75 nmol/L).