Metabolomics Identifies Biomarker Signatures to Differentiate Pancreatic Cancer from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Early Diagnosis

Table 3

Relation of specific metabolites to risk of future diseases (diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer).

Model	Behenic acid	Nonadecanetriol	LysoPC (20 : 3)	LysoPC (16 : 1)
Logistic regression between diabetes mellitus patients and healthy volunteers
Metabolite as a continuous variable
Per SD	0.239 (0.085–0.530)	2.099 (1.237–4.506)	1.170 (0.770–1.836)	1.286 (1.080–1.749)
	0.0019	0.0288	0.4690	0.0337
1st quartile	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
2nd quartile	0.693 (0.228–1.366)	1.401 (0.858–2.382)	0.756 (0.454–1.226)	0.956 (0.572–1.595)
3rd quartile	0.543 (0.196–1.080)	1.765 (1.038–3.191)	1.012 (0.622–1.652)	1.000 (0.594–1.683)
4th quartile	0.355 (0.128–0.689)	2.680 (1.340–7.524)	1.573 (0.780–4.376)	1.158 (0.822–3.130)
for trend	0.0052	0.0219	0.2321	0.4422
Logistic regression between pancreatic cancer patients and healthy volunteers
Metabolite as a continuous variable
Per SD	0.049 (0.006–0.201)	2.915 (1.580–6.605)	2.441 (1.473–4.737)	1.017 (0.938–1.105)
	0.0006	0.0029	0.0024	0.6738
1st quartile	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
2nd quartile	0.644 (0.228–1.366)	1.010 (0.547–1.819)	0.638 (0.314–1.153)	0.655 (0.356–1.130)
3rd quartile	0.543 (0.196–1.081)	1.688 (0.984–3.067)	0.991 (0.574–1.705)	0.812 (0.474–1.361)
4th quartile	0.193 (0.057–0.433)	3.208 (1.644–8.927)	2.475 (1.273–6.832)	1.554 (0.868–3.132)
for trend	<0.0001	0.0006	0.0007	0.0348
Logistic regression between pancreatic cancer patients and diabetes mellitus patients
Metabolite as a continuous variable
Per SD	0.746 (0.403–1.317)	1.489 (0.998–2.340)	1.683 (1.175–2.596)	0.878 (0.759–0.981)
	0.3230	0.0631	0.0090	0.0384
1st quartile	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)	1.0 (referent)
2nd quartile	0.928 (0.588–1.459)	0.721 (0.367–1.357)	0.843 (0.411–1.574)	0.685 (0.370–1.192)
3rd quartile	1.022 (0.637–1.648)	0.956 (0.533–1.713)	0.979 (0.583–1.632)	0.812 (0.474–1.361)
4th quartile	0.543 (0.196–1.081)	1.197 (0.680–2.121)	1.574 (0.981–2.626)	1.023 (0.631–1.658)
for trend	0.3312	0.2912	0.0981	0.4267

Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer, from logistic regressions.