Serum Tenascin-C and Alarin Levels Are Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Li, Mingming; Wu, Mengjiao; Zhu, Hua; Hua, Yulin; Ma, Zijun; Yao, Jiayi; Feng, Bin; Shi, Bimin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2009724

International Journal of Endocrinology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 2009724 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2009724

Serum Tenascin-C and Alarin Levels Are Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Mingming Li,¹Mengjiao Wu,¹Hua Zhu,¹Yulin Hua,¹Zijun Ma,¹Jiayi Yao,¹Bin Feng,¹and Bimin Shi¹

Academic Editor: Agostino Gaudio

Received09 Oct 2021

Accepted11 Apr 2022

Published21 Apr 2022

Abstract

Background. Tenascin-C (TNC), an extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is elevated in inflammatory and cardiovascular pathologies, whereas alarin, a novel orexigenic peptide, participates in insulin resistance and glycometabolism. The roles of these molecules in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), clinical conditions associating with metabolic disorders, and chronic inflammation, remain controversial. Our study aimed at determining the potential role of TNC and alarin in CVD adult patients with T2DM. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study. Basic and clinical information for 250 patients with T2DM were analyzed. Based on their cardiovascular disease status, participants were assigned into the CVD and non-CVD groups. Serum TNC and alarin levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Serum TNC and alarin concentrations in the CVD group were significantly higher than those of the non-CVD group. Moreover, serum TNC levels were positively correlated with age, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio; however, they were negatively correlated with TC, LDL-C, and eGFR levels. Alarin levels were positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and hip circumference. In logistic regression models, TNC and alarin were also established to be independent determinants for CVD in T2DM patients and their increases were associated with CVD severity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) values for TNC and alarin were 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. TNC and alarin were good predictors of CVD occurrence. When the cutoff value for TNC was 134.05 pg/mL, its sensitivity was 69.47% while its specificity was 61.29%. When the cutoff value for alarin was 142.69 pg/mL, sensitivity and specificity were 38.95% and 90.97%, respectively. Conclusion. Elevated TNC and alarin levels are independently associated with the occurrence and severity of CVD in T2DM individuals. Therefore, these two biomarkers are potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators for CVD in diabetics.

1. Introduction

Diabetes, a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia, develops as a result of insulin resistance, a relative lack of insulin, or both. Currently, about 130 million Chinese adults are suffering from diabetes, and its prevalence is rapidly increasing [1]. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is relatively common, accounting for more than 90% of all cases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of blood vessels. These disorders consist of coronary heart diseases (CADs), cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral arterial diseases. Diabetes is a major risk factor for CVD, and in turn, CVD is the most common cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in diabetic patients [2]. Compared to healthy individuals, patients with T2DM have a 3–4 fold risk for CVD-related mortality [3]. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt intervention of CVD in T2DM patients is essential to reduce the risk of CVD-related mortalities and improve prognostic outcomes. Identification of new predictive biomarkers for CVD in T2DM patients remains imperative.

Tenascin-C (TNC), a large hexametric extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, is transiently expressed during embryonic development [4]. Although TNC is almost not expressed in most fully developed organs, it is significantly upregulated at various sites of pathological conditions, such as tissue injury and inflammation [5]. In the existing literature, TNC contributes to inflammation and atherosclerosis progression in diabetic patients. TNC is a member of ECM, and ECM remodeling has been shown to occur in diabetes and insulin resistance models [6]. Elevated levels of this protein have been reported in the retinas of diabetic patients and in chronic kidney disease patients [7, 8]. Elevated TNC levels are associated with atherosclerosis and increasing severity of atherosclerotic plaque instability [9]. But in patients with dysglycemia, these conclusions are incompatible. A cohort study in Italy found that TNC was an only independent determinant of death but unrelated with nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalization or revascularization and nonfatal stroke [10]. In another French prospective cohort, increased serum TNC concentrations were independently associated with nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke and death [11]. Various biomarkers that regulate food intake and energy expenditure play vital roles in atherosclerosis progression by regulating endothelial and chronic inflammation in diabetes patients [12, 13]. Alarin, the third member of the galanin neuropeptide family, is a neuromediator of orexigenic activities and energy homeostasis [14]. It is composed of 25 amino acids and originates as a splice variant of the galanin-like peptide gene [15]. Intracerebroventricular injection of alarin in rats stimulated food intake and increased their weights [16, 17]. Besides, elevated levels of circulating alarin have been reported in diabetes and metabolic syndrome patients [18, 19]. Alarin is associated with coronary heart disease. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the potential of serum alarin as a risk factor, or as a diagnostic marker for CVD in T2DM patients. Therefore, identifying the risk factors of CVD in T2DM patients is greatly important for early recognition and intervention of vascular events. The different serum TNC and alarin concentrations could be able to indicate the different progression of long-term complications, which have instructing functions to the secondary and tertiary prevention of diabetes.

This study aimed at investigating the significance of serum TNC and alarin levels on the presence and severity of CVDs in T2DM patients.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Population and Design

This was a cross-sectional study involving 250 patients with T2DM admitted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China, from June 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Patients with T2DM according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria and aged over eighteen years [20]. The exclusion criteria were patients with: (i) other types of diabetes; (ii) severe liver dysfunction, acute infection, active neoplasia, pregnancy, and lactation; and (iii) mental disorders or autoimmune disease. We used the PASS 15.0 software to calculate the sample size. A 95% confidence and two-sided intervals were adopted. The effective sample size in each group was N = 57, considering a 10 percent non-response rate. Study protocols were approved by Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and all participants provided written informed consents.

At enrollment, clinical histories of the participants were investigated by well-trained and experienced physicians. Participants were classified as having had CVD events if a history of CAD, cerebrovascular diseases, or peripheral arterial diseases (PAD) was evident. The definition of CAD consists of a history of hospitalization for angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease, or a surgical history of coronary stent implantation, coronary balloon angioplasty or coronary arterial bypass. Cerebrovascular diseases were confirmed as a history of hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, diagnosed by imaging detections (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging). PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.90 in either leg. In addition, patients exhibiting the presence of intermittent claudication, resting pain, non-healing distal ulcers, or gangrene as well as a history of lower limb percutaneous transluminal angioplasty were considered to have PAD. CVD was also diagnosed by reviewing the medical records for all study participants, and physical examination, electrocardiogram, carotid ultrasonography were performed on all participants. Identification of various non-CVDs were based on self-reports of patients, and confirmed by their medical records.

2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemical Measurements

We used a standard questionnaire to collect personal data. Variables were recorded as follows: demographic characteristics (age and gender), smoking habits, duration of diabetes, past history of hypertension or dyslipidemia, and previous medication. Smoking was defined as smoking more than 1 cigarette per day for more than 6 months. Hypertension was diagnosed when systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg (at least two times in different environments) or if administered with antihypertensive drugs [21]. Dyslipidemia was defined as triglyceride levels >150 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL, or indications to hypocholesterolemic medications [22]. Diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) were based on the ADA criteria [20].

After anthropometric measurements, body weight (accuracy 1 kg), height, (accuracy 1 cm), and hip and waist circumference (accuracy 1 cm) were recorded. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height squared (m²). Waist-hip ratio (WHR) was defined as the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference. Carotid ultrasonography was performed by experienced sonographers using high-resolution and linear-array transducers (IU22, Philips, Netherlands). A Doppler probe was used to obtain the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which is the ratio of the highest systolic pressure measured in each leg to the higher of the left or right arm brachial artery pressure.

All participants were asked to fast for at least 12 h. Peripheral blood samples were obtained at 0 and 120 min following consumption of a steamed bun containing approximately 75 g glucose. Blood samples were cold-chained and transported to the laboratory for assessments within 4–6 h. The remaining samples were frozen at −80°C. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood creatinine (Cr) and blood uric acid (UA) were tested using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (HITACHI 7600, Japan) through standard enzymatic methods. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HLC-723G8, TOSOH Company, Japan). Fasting insulin (FINS), fasting C-peptide (FCP), 2 h postprandial insulin (2hINS), and 2 h postprandial C-peptide (2hCP) were determined by electrochemical luminescence immunoassay (AIA-2000ST, TOSOH Company, Japan). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated on the basis of the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Insulin resistance status was calculated by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). HOMA-IR = (FBG (mmol/L) × Fasting insulin (mIU/L))/22.5. Serum TNC and alarin levels were assessed using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Kanglang Biological, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS 25.0 software, while the GraphPad Prism 8.0 software was used to draw graphs. The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to confirm data distribution patterns. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (for normally distributed data) or median (interquartile range) (for abnormally distributed data). Variables were compared by a t-test (for normally distributed data) or Mann–Whitney U test (for abnormally distributed data). Categorical variables are presented as frequencies (percentages) and were compared by a chi-square test. Variables with in univariate analysis were incorporated into binary logistic regression models to determine independent factors for the prevalence of CVD in T2DM. Correlations between TNC or alarin and other clinical indicators were assessed by Spearman’s rho test. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the discriminative ability of tenascin-C or alarin to determine CVD. was considered to be statistically significant.

3. Results

Among the 250 participants with T2DM, 95 had CVD, of which 35 (36.84%) had single coronary heart diseases, 52 (54.74%) had single cerebrovascular diseases, 25 (26.32%) had single peripheral arterial diseases, and 21 (22.11%) had developed at least two types of CVD. Sociodemographic clinical characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. Patients with a history of CVD were elderly and they exhibited: bigger waist circumferences, longer duration of diabetes, higher proportions of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy as well as lower HbAlc, TC, LDL-C and eGFR levels. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regards to sex, BMI, hip circumference, WHR, smoking status, FBG, FCP, 2hCP, HOMA-IR, TG, HDL-C, UA, and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Median TNC and alarin levels were significantly higher in the CVD group, relative to the non-CVD group (). Insulin injections were common in CVD patients. Meanwhile, the CVD group was highly associated with the use of statins, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and diuretics (Table 2).

Correlations between TNC or alarin and other clinical indicators are shown in Figures 1 and 2. As TNC levels increased, so did age (r = 0.241, ), waist circumference (r = 0.142, ), and WHR (r = 0.129, ), however, TC (r = −0.138, p = 0.03), LDL-C (r = −0.136, ) and eGFR (r = −0.022, ) levels were significantly decreased as TNC levels increased. Serum alarin levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.253, ), waist circumference (r = 0.241, ) and hip circumference (r = 0.216, ). The complete results of spearman correlation analysis are shown in Table S1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 1

Correlation between TNC and the other clinical indicators. (a) Positive correlation between TNC and age (r = 0.241, ). (b) Negative correlation between TNC and eGFR (r = −0.022, ). (c) Negative correlation between TNC and TC (r = −0.138, ). (d) Negative correlation between TNC and LDL-C (r = −0.136, ). (e) Positive correlation between TNC and WC (r = 0.142, ). (f) Positive correlation between TNC and WHR (r = 0.129, ). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TNC, tenascin-C; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that TNC, alarin, age, waist circumference, WHR, HbAlc, TC, LDL-C, eGFR, duration of diabetes and hypertension were factors affecting CVD (). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that TNC (odds ratio (OR) 1.012; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.000–1.023; ), alarin (OR 1.028; 95% CI 1.014–1.043; ) and hypertension (OR 3.165; 95% CI 1.569–6.383; ) are independent risk factors for CVD (Table 3).

ROC curve analysis showed that at a cutoff point of 134.05 pg/mL, TNC predicted a higher risk of CVD, with a sensitivity of 69.47% and a specificity of 61.29% (the area under the curve was 0.68) and the best cutoff of alarin was 142.69 pg/mL with a sensitivity of 38.95% and a specificity of 90.97% (the area under the curve was 0.67). Based on the regression equation, joint predictors were calculated from TNC and alarin. The discriminative ability of joint predictors (the area under the curve was 0.71) for determination of CVD in T2DM was higher than single TNC or single alarin (Figure 3).

When CVD individuals were divided into two categories, the first one including patients with one kind of CVD (n = 74) and the second including patients with at least two types of CVD (n = 21), TNC and alarin levels were significantly and independently associated with the extent of CVD in both crude and adjusted models (Table 4).

4. Discussion

We found that compared to the non-CVD group, serum TNC and alarin levels were significantly elevated in diabetic patients with CVD. After adjusting for various confounders, TNC and alarin levels were established to be independent determinants for the occurrence and severity of CVD in T2DM patients, suggesting that they contribute to the occurrence and development of diabetes-associated cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, TNC and alarin levels were respectively associated with many known cardiovascular disease risk factors.

As expected, elevated levels of chronic diseases were documented in the CVD group. There were no significant differences in BMI between the two groups, however, the CVD group exhibited a bigger waist circumference. This finding implies that abdominal obesity without generally being obese, may be associated with an elevated risk for CVD, consistent with a population-based longitudinal study in South Korea [23]. Interestingly, the CVD group exhibited improved lipid parameters and glycemic control, which was attributed to statins-use and insulin therapy after the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.

Tenascin-C is a potential biomarker for predicting the occurrence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis as well as stroke severity and outcomes [24, 25]. However, in patients with dysglycemia, these conclusions are incompatible. TNC is associated with various chronic inflammatory diseases, including diabetes. Moreover, T2DM progression is enhanced by inflammation-induced ECM remodeling [6]. TNC overexpression is a critical point of ECM remodeling [26]. Therefore, TNC is involved in diabetes-associated complications and in its pathogenesis. Our results confirmed that TNC is a valuable biomarker for predicting the occurrence and severity of cardiovascular diseases in T2DM patients.

The precise role of TNC in cardiovascular disease development has not been clearly established. Atherosclerosis is a common feature in T2DM patients, and it results in severe cardiovascular diseases [27]. The potential mechanisms may be, first, during vascular injury, different cells, such as macrophages and smooth muscle cells, are the origins of tenascin-C [28, 29]. Second, tenascin-C expression changes smooth muscle cells from a non-proliferative phenotype to a migratory, synthetic state [30], and the degraded fragments of tenascin-C mediate smooth muscle cell apoptosis [31]. Third, a positive feed-forward loop between tenascin-C and matrix metalloproteases results in plaque progression, destabilization, and rupture [32]. These evidence indicate that during the pathological processes of atherosclerosis, tenascin-C expression is persistent, where its expression correlates with inflammation and plaque evolution. In addition, TNC upregulation after stroke contributes to activation of signaling transduction and exacerbation of secondary brain injuries through the toll-like receptor signaling pathway [33].

Alarin, a novel orexigenic peptide, was first identified in the gangliocytes of human neuroblastoma. The vasoactive, reproductive system, antibacterial, and antidepressant effects of alarin have been reported [15, 16, 34, 35]. A study from Turkey first confirmed the association of serum alarin levels with different ovarian reserve patterns. Elevated circulating alarin level, associating with increased LH concentration, was found in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve patterns [36]. Further research by this team confirmed a higher serum alarin concentration in the infertile women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and a positive correlation between serum alarin and LH level only in the PCOS women rather than other unexplained infertile [37]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between serum alarin levels and the risk of CVD.

Alarin has been implicated in obesity and insulin sensitivity [19]. We found that alarin levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI, WC and HC. This finding is attributed to the failure of body to use insulin, as a result of decreased insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance is an important pathological basis of diabetes mellitus, but also an important cause of CVD. Moreover, insulin resistance is critically associated with abnormalities in endothelial functions, which is the earliest finding in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [38]. Given the vital roles of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and the endothelium in maintenance of vascular tension, platelet adhesiveness and smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial dysfunction may contribute to increased risks of atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant individuals.

However, mechanisms of increased alarin levels in CVD patients remain elusive. After adjusting for age and BMI in patients without access to any lipid-lowering agents, Fang et al. reported that circulating alarin levels were significantly correlated with adverse lipid profiles [18]. We found that statins or fibrates may inhibit this association. Given that CVD groups present higher alarin levels as well as higher proportions of statin-users, we can infer that alarin and abnormal metabolism of serum lipids are interrelated. Besides, alarin was shown to increase adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetic rats [39]. Adiponectin can increase high-density lipoprotein levels and reduce very low-density lipoprotein as well as triglyceride levels in blood [40]. We postulated that elevated serum alarin levels might be a compensatory mechanism for metabolic stress. Therefore, when an individual has higher serum alarin levels, it is more likely to be as a result of abnormal lipid metabolism, which is a major pathophysiologic mechanism of atherosclerosis. Besides, adiponectin enhances inflammation under some chronic inflammatory conditions [41, 42]. Alarin is positively correlated with serum tumor necrosis factor-α, an inflammatory circulating molecule [18]. Therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that alarin is involved in vascular diseases via enhancing inflammation in diabetic patients. Moreover, alarin could attenuate oxidative stress in heart failure rats [43]. High oxidative stress levels seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of various diseases, including diabetes, inflammatory diseases, cancers, and especially atherosclerosis [44, 45]. These results suggest that elevated alarin levels can be used to assess atherosclerosis progression.

4.1. Limitations of This Study

This study has several limitations. First, as a cross-sectional study, it is difficult to establish a causal relationship; therefore, cohort studies are needed. Meanwhile, cross-sectional detections do not represent stable levels of serum tenascin-C and alarin. Second, the enrolled participants were from single centers, and were hospitalized patients; therefore, our findings should be verified in other diabetic populations and in patients from different regions. Third, we did not have healthy controls.

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, circulating tenascin-C and alarin levels are significantly and independently associated with the occurrence and clinical severity of CVD in T2DM patients. These two biomarkers are potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators for CVD in diabetic patients. In addition, studies should evaluate the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of tenascin-C and alarin in atherosclerosis, which may inform on novel therapeutic directions to manage T2DM complications and morbidities.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank nurses and physicians for their generously assistance and support for this study. This study was supported by the Suzhou Science and Technology Fund (grant nos. SS202008, SYS2020103, and SLT202008) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81800714).

Supplementary Materials

Table S1: Spearman correlation analysis of serum tenascin-C and alarin level with clinical data. (Supplementary Materials)

References

Y. Li, D. Teng, X. Shi et al., “Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study,” BMJ, vol. 369, Article ID m997, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Mitchell, B. Malanda, A. Damasceno et al., “A roadmap on the prevention of cardiovascular disease among people living with diabetes,” Global Heart, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 215–240, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Laakso and J. Kuusisto, “Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development,” Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 293–302, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Chiquet-Ehrismann and R. P. Tucker, “Tenascins and the importance of adhesion modulation,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 3, no. 5, Article ID a004960, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Imanaka-Yoshida, “Tenascin-C in cardiovascular tissue remodeling,” Circulation Journal, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 2513–2520, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. S. Williams, L. Kang, and D. H. Wasserman, “The extracellular matrix and insulin resistance,” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 357–366, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Castellon, S. Caballero, H. K. Hamdi et al., “Effects of tenascin-C on normal and diabetic retinal endothelial cells in culture,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 2758–2766, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Liabeuf, D. V. Barreto, A. Kretschmer, and F. C. Barreto, “High circulating levels of large splice variants of tenascin-C is associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease patients,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 215, no. 1, pp. 116–124, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wallner, C. Li, P. K. Shah, and M. C. Fishbein, “Tenascin-C is expressed in macrophage-rich human coronary atherosclerotic plaque,” Circulation, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 1284–1289, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. C. Gerstein, G. Paré, M. J. McQueen, and H. Haenel, “Identifying novel biomarkers for cardiovascular events or death in people with dysglycemia,” Circulation, vol. 132, no. 24, pp. 2297–2304, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Gellen, N. Thorin-Trescases, E. Thorin et al., “Serum tenascin-C is independently associated with increased major adverse cardiovascular events and death in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a French prospective cohort,” Diabetologia, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 915–923, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Beltowski, “Leptin and atherosclerosis,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 189, no. 1, pp. 47–60, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. P. E. Kadoglou, S. Lampropoulos, A. Kapelouzou, and A. Gkontopoulos, “Serum levels of apelin and ghrelin in patients with acute coronary syndromes and established coronary artery disease-KOZANI STUDY,” Translational Research, vol. 155, no. 5, pp. 238–246, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Fang, M. Yu, M. Shi, and Z. Zhang, “Galanin peptide family as a modulating target for contribution to metabolic syndrome,” General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 115–120, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. Santic, S. M. Schmidhuber, R. Lang, and I. Rauch, “Alarin is a vasoactive peptide,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 24, pp. 10217–10222, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Boughton, M. Patterson, G. Bewick, and J. Tadross, “Alarin stimulates food intake and gonadotrophin release in male rats,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 601–613, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Van Der Kolk, F. N. Madison, M. Mohr, N. Eberhard, B. Kofler, and G. S. Fraley, “Alarin stimulates food intake in male rats and LH secretion in castrated male rats,” Neuropeptides, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 333–340, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Fang, T. Zhang, M. Yang, and L. Li, “High circulating alarin levels are associated with presence of metabolic syndrome,” Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2041–2051, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Zhou, M. Luo, S. Zhou, Z. Cheng, Z. Chen, and X. Yu, “Plasma alarin level and its influencing factors in obese newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients,” Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, vol. 14, pp. 379–385, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association, “Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022,” Diabetes Care, vol. 45, no. Supplement_1, pp. S17–S38, 2022.
View at: Google Scholar
Joint Committee for Guideline Revision, “2018 Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension-A report of the revision committee of Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension,” Journal of geriatric cardiology: JGC, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 182–241, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhu, R. Gao, S. Zhao, G. Lu, D. Zhao, and J. Li, “Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias in Chinese adults,” Chinese Circulation Journal, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 937–953, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Choi, S. Choi, J. S. Son, S. W. Oh, and S. M. Park, “Impact of discrepancies in general and abdominal obesity on major adverse cardiac events,” Journal of American Heart Association, vol. 8, no. 18, Article ID e013471, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Gao, J. Li, H. Ni, and H. Shi, “Tenascin C: a potential biomarker for predicting the severity of coronary atherosclerosis,” Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 31–38, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L.-G. Wang, X.-Q. Huangfu, B. Tao, G.-J. Zhong, and Z.-D. Le, “Serum tenascin-C predicts severity and outcome of acute intracerebral hemorrhage,” Clinica Chimica Acta, vol. 481, pp. 69–74, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Yokokawa, Y. Sugano, T. Nakayama, and T. Nagai, “Significance of myocardial tenascin-C expression in left ventricular remodelling and long-term outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy,” European Journal of Heart Failure, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 375–385, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Stamler, O. Vaccaro, J. D. Neaton, and D. Wentworth, “Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial,” Diabetes Care, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 434–444, 1993.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. G. Goh, A. M. Piccinini, T. Krausgruber, I. A. Udalova, and K. S. Midwood, “Transcriptional regulation of the endogenous danger signal tenascin-C: a novel autocrine loop in inflammation,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 184, no. 5, pp. 2655–2662, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wallner, P. K. Shah, and B. G. Sharifi, “Balloon catheterization induces arterial expression of new Tenascin-C isoform,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 75–83, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Ishigaki, K. Imanaka-Yoshida, N. Shimojo, S. Matsushima, W. Taki, and T. Yoshida, “Tenascin-C enhances crosstalk signaling of integrin αvβ3/PDGFR-β complex by SRC recruitment promoting PDGF-induced proliferation and migration in smooth muscle cells,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 226, no. 10, pp. 2617–2624, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Wallner, C. Li, P. K. Shah, K.-J. Wu, S. M. Schwartz, and B. G. Sharifi, “EGF-like domain of tenascin-C is proapoptotic for cultured smooth muscle cells,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1416–1421, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Brellier, K. Hostettler, H.-R. Hotz, C. Ozcakir, and S. A. Çöloğlu, “Tenascin-C triggers fibrin accumulation by downregulation of tissue plasminogen activator,” FEBS Letters, vol. 585, no. 6, pp. 913–920, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Okada and H. Suzuki, “The role of tenascin-C in tissue injury and repair after stroke,” Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 11, Article ID 607587, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Wada, P.-F. Wong, H. Hojo, and M. Hasegawa, “Alarin but not its alternative-splicing form, GALP (Galanin-like peptide) has antimicrobial activity,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 434, no. 2, pp. 223–227, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zhuang, X. Zhou, X. Gao, and D. Lou, “Cytokines and glucocorticoid receptors are associated with the antidepressant-like effect of alarin,” Peptides, vol. 76, pp. 115–129, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Yildirim and U. Gorkem, “The circulating alarin level was elevated in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve,” Gynecological Endocrinology, vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 1128–1131, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
U. Gorkem and E. Yildirim, “Alarin: a new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 980–986, 2022.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. O. Steinberg, H. Chaker, R. Leaming, A. Johnson, G. Brechtel, and A. D. Baron, “Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 2601–2610, 1996.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Guo, P. Fang, M. Yu, M. Shi, P. Bo, and Z. Zhang, “Central alarin ameliorated insulin resistance of adipocytes in type 2 diabetic rats,” Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 223, no. 3, pp. 217–225, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Yanai and H. Yoshida, “Beneficial effects of adiponectin on glucose and lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic progression: mechanisms and perspectives,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 5, Article ID 1190, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Menzaghi and V. Trischitta, “The adiponectin paradox for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality,” Diabetes, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 12–22, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Wang, B. Li, Y. Wang, and A. Maimaitili, “The association between serum adiponectin and 3-month outcome after ischemic stroke,” Cardiovascular Diabetology, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 105, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Li, H. Ding, Y. Li, and H. Zhou, “Alarin alleviated cardiac fibrosis via attenuating oxidative stress in heart failure rats,” Amino Acids, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1079–1089, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Giacco and M. Brownlee, “Oxidative stress and diabetic complications,” Circulation Research, vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 1058–1070, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Yıldırım, C. Türkler, Ü. Görkem, Ö. Y. Şimşek, E. Yılmaz, and H. Aladağ, “The relationship between oxidative stress markers and endometrial hyperplasia: a case-control study,” Journal of Turkish Society of Obstetric and Gynecology, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 298–303, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Mingming Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies