Pregnancy Status Is Associated with Lower Hemoglobin A1c among Nondiabetes Women in the United States from NHANES 2005–2016
Table 1
Weighted characteristics of the study sample with and without pregnancy in nondiabetes women.
Urine pregnancy positive (n = 592)
Urine pregnancy negative (n = 7170)
value
Average gestational period (months)
5.58 ± 2.29
Not available
Age (years)
27.09 ± 5.80
31.03 ± 9.96
<0.001
Age groups
<0.001
<20
44 (7.43%)
921 (12.85%)
≥20, <35
478 (80.74%)
3466 (48.34%)
≥35
70 (11.82%)
2783 (38.81%)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
28.84 ± 6.61
27.99 ± 7.48
0.007
Race (%)
<0.001
Mexican American
165 (27.87%)
1458 (20.33%)
Other Hispanic
44 (7.43%)
640 (8.93%)
Non-Hispanic White
217 (36.66%)
2684 (37.43%)
Non-Hispanic Black
110 (18.58%)
1631 (22.75%)
Other races including multiracial
56 (9.46%)
757 (10.56%)
At least 12 alcoholic drinks in a lifetime (%)
<0.001
Yes
100 (16.89%)
845 (11.79%)
No
128 (21.62%)
917 (12.79%)
Not available
364 (61.49%)
5408 (75.43%)
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life (%)
<0.001
Yes
156 (26.35%)
2015 (28.10%)
No
392 (66.22%)
4231 (59.01%)
Not available
44 (7.43%)
924 (12.89%)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
4.98 ± 0.36
5.26 ± 0.44
<0.001
Serum glucose (mmol/L)
4.67 ± 0.79
4.93 ± 0.86
<0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
12.21 ± 1.10
13.21 ± 1.20
<0.001
Serum uric acid (µmol/L)
224.21 ± 53.54
266.86 ± 61.02
<0.001
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)
78.52 ± 53.02
67.25 ± 31.71
<0.001
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)
2.34 ± 1.00
3.69 ± 1.28
<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
5.74 ± 1.39
4.74 ± 0.94
<0.001
Serum creatinine (µmol/L)
50.44 ± 12.88
64.33 ± 19.50
<0.001
Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)
1.29 ± 0.18
1.24 ± 0.19
<0.001
Total protein (g/L)
64.44 ± 4.91
71.64 ± 4.29
<0.001
Serum sodium (mmol/L)
136.73 ± 1.87
138.77 ± 1.87
<0.001
Serum potassium (mmol/L)
3.75 ± 0.25
3.88 ± 0.28
<0.001
Platelet count (1000 cells/µL)
253.80 ± 67.48
274.70 ± 68.83
<0.001
Notes: mean ± SD for continuous variables: P value was calculated by the weighted linear regression model. % for categorical variables: P value was calculated by the weighted chi-square test.
