Pregnancy Status Is Associated with Lower Hemoglobin A1c among Nondiabetes Women in the United States from NHANES 2005–2016

Table 2

Associations between urine pregnancy test and HbA1c (%) in nondiabetes women.

	Model 1 β (95% CI, )	Model 2 β (95% CI, )	Model 3 β (95% CI, )
Total	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	-−0.23 (−0.18, −0.27)	−0.20 (−0.15, −0.24)	−0.24 (−0.20, −0.29)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Age <20	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.15 (−0.03, −0.26)	−0.15 (−0.04, −0.27)	−0.20 (−0.04, −0.27)
Urine pregnancy positive	0.0126	0.0078	<0.0001
Age ≥20, <35	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.18 (−0.14, −0.22)	−0.19 (−0.15, −0.24)	−0.24 (−0.20, −0.29)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Age ≥35	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.25 (−0.13, −0.37)	−0.26 (−0.15, −0.38)	−0.28 (−0.17, −0.39)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001

Notes: Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age and race were adjusted. Model 3: age, race, body mass index, smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, drink at least 12 alcoholic drinks in a lifetime, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein, serum total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum uric acid, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum phosphorus, serum calcium, hemoglobin, platelet count, and serum glucose were adjusted. In the subgroup analysis stratified by age, the models are not adjusted for the stratification variable itself.