Pregnancy Status Is Associated with Lower Hemoglobin A1c among Nondiabetes Women in the United States from NHANES 2005–2016

Table 3

Associations between urine pregnancy test and HbA1c (%) in the subgroup analysis stratified by race in nondiabetes women.

	Model 1 β (95% CI, )	Model 2 β (95% CI, )	Model 3 β (95% CI, )
Mexican American	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.25 (−0.16, −0.33)	−0.20 (−0.11, −0.28)	−0.20 (−0.11, −0.29)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Other Hispanic	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.30 (−0.15, −0.46)	−0.27 (−0.11, −0.42)	−0.31 (−0.16, −0.46)
Urine pregnancy positive	0.0001	0.0007	<0.0001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.25 (−0.18, −0.31)	−0.20 (−0.14, −0.26)	−0.24 (−0.17, −0.31)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Non-Hispanic Black	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.25 (−0.14, −0.35)	−0.19 (−0.08, −0.29)	−0.21 (−0.12, −0.31)
Urine pregnancy positive	<0.0001	0.0004	<0.0001
Other races	Reference	Reference	Reference
Urine pregnancy negative	−0.16 (−0.02, −0.30)	−0.13 (−0.00, −0.27)	−0.22 (−0.08, −0.35)
Urine pregnancy positive	0.0244	0.0560	0.0017

Notes: Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age was adjusted. Model 3: age, body mass index, smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life, drink at least 12 alcoholic drinks in a lifetime, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein, serum total cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum uric acid, serum sodium, serum potassium, serum phosphorus, serum calcium, hemoglobin, platelet count, and serum glucose were adjusted.