Confirmation of the Absence of Somogyi Effect in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes by Retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems
Table 1
Characteristics of participants illustrated by total population and by subgroups of nocturnal nadir glucose.
Total
Nocturnal nadir glucose
value
Population (n = 4705)
≥3.9 mmol/L (n = 4177)
3.0–3.9 mmol/L (n = 357)
<3.0 mmol/L (n = 171)
Age (y)
63.7 ± 12.7
63.7 ± 12.6
63.4 ± 12.9
64.6 ± 14.9
0.556
Male (%)
2729 (58)
2429 (58.2)
186 (52.1)
114 (66.7)
0.085
BMI (kg/m2)
24.8 ± 3.5
24.8 ± 3.5
24.6 ± 3.2
24.6 ± 3.4
0.507
Diabetes duration (months)
120 (48, 197)
120 (48, 192)
120 (36, 240)
180 (85, 242)
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
7.6 ± 1.1
7.6 ± 1.1
7.5 ± 1.2
7.6 ± 1.1
0.181
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
7.4 ± 1.5
7.6 ± 1.4
6.0 ± 1.4
6.0 ± 1.5
<0.001
<4.4 mmol/L
66 (1.4)
9 (0.2)
36 (10.1)
21 (12.3)
<0.001
4.4–7.0 mmol/L
1866 (39.7)
1506 (36.1)
237 (66.4)
123 (71.9)
>7.0 mmol/L
2773 (58.9)
2662 (63.7)
84 (23.5)
27 (15.8)
eGFR (ml/min)
93.9 (77.2, 112.1)
93.6 (77.2, 112.1)
96.9 (83.9, 112.6)
90.6 (72.7, 109.9)
0.669
Fasting C peptide (ng/ml)
1.7 (1, 2.5)
1.7 (1.1, 2.6)
1.6 (0.9, 2.2)
1.4 (0.8, 2.4)
0.011
Total insulin dose (U/d)
18 (9, 30)
18 (8, 30)
16 (9, 30)
22 (8, 36)
<0.001
NPH (%)
312 (6.6)
282 (6.8)
21 (5.9)
9 (5.3)
0.139
Premixed insulin (%)
1875 (39.9)
1683 (40.3)
120 (33.6)
72 (42.1)
Basal insulin analogs (%)
2518 (53.5)
2212 (53)
216 (60.5)
90 (52.6)
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (percentage) or median (interquartile range). BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NPH, neutral protamine Hagedorn.
