Association between Serum Cotinine Levels and Bone Mineral Density: An Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Table 1
Weighted characteristics of study participants.
Characteristics
Men (n = 3945)
Women (n = 3960)
value
Age (years)
45.03 ± 0.18
45.41 ± 0.19
0.069
Race/ethnicity (%)
0.004
Mexican American
10.33 ± 0.02
9.03 ± 0.01
Non-Hispanic black
10.10 ± 0.01
12.03 ± 0.01
Non-Hispanic white
63.52 ± 0.02
62.84 ± 0.02
Other race/ethnicity
16.04 ± 0.01
16.18 ± 0.01
Education level (%)
0.003
≤ high school
22.91 ± 0.01
18.85 ± 0.01
＞ high school
77.09 ± 0.01
81.15 ± 0.01
Body mass index (kg/m2)
29.45 ± 0.16
29.83 ± 0.21
0.088
Moderate activities (%)
<0.001
Yes
34.20 ± 0.01
14.63 ± 0.01
No
65.80 ± 0.01
85.27 ± 0.01
Serum albumin (g/L)
43.70 ± 0.01
41.85 ± 0.10
<0.001
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL)
5.02 ± 0.04
4.38 ± 0.04
<0.001
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)
6.03 ± 0.03
4.66 ± 0.02
<0.001
Serum phosphorus (mg/dL)
1.17 ± 0
1.12 ± 0
<0.001
Serum calcium (mg/dL)
9.38 ± 0.01
9.30 ± 0.01
<0.001
Lumbar BMD (mg/cm2)
1031.60 ± 3.27
1035.46 ± 3.72
<0.001
Serum cotinine (ng/L)
82.55 ± 4.40
49.65 ± 3.05
<0.001
Data are expressed as weighted proportions (± standard error (SE)) for categorical variables and as weighted mean ± SE for continuous variables. Weighted two-tailed t tests and weighted Rao-Scott chi-square test were used to compare difference between groups.
