Review Article

Effect of Intermittent Fasting Diet on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Summary of participants’ characteristics of studies included.

StudyCountryStudy subdivisionNFollow upDietary interventionAgeBMI (kg/m2)Population

1Sutton et al. [9]USA85 weeksEarly time-restricted feeding (eTRF); no calorie restriction56 ± 932.2 ± 4.4Overweight/obese with prediabetes
2Alphamdi et al. [11]Saudi Arabia3644 daysRamadan; no calorie restriction49.50 ± 11.9132.89 ± 5.47Overweight/obese with diabetes
3Harvie et al. [13]UK536 monthsIntermittent energy restriction (IER); 75% calorie restriction on two consecutive days each week40.1 ± 4.130.7 ± 5Non-diabetic obese/overweight
4Harvie et al. [12]UKB1374 monthsIntermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR); (70% energy restriction and 40 g carbohydrate)45.6 ± 8.329.6 ± 4.1Non-diabetic obese/overweight
B238Intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR) + protein and fat (PF); (70% energy restriction and 40 g carbohydrate) + unlimited lean meat, fish, eggs, tofu, MUFA and PUFA on restricted days48.6 ± 7.331.0 ± 5.7Non-diabetic obese/overweight
5Arnason et al. [14]Canada106 weeksIntermittent fasting (IF)53.8 ± 9.1136.9 ± 8.29Diabetes
6Corley et al. [16]New Zealand1912 weeksDiet with non-consecutive fasting days (fasting 500 kcal for women, 600 kcal for men)58 (42–74)136.8 ± 5.2Obese with diabetes
7Carter et al. [15]Australia7012 monthsIntermittent energy restriction (IER); 500–600 kcal for 2 days61 ± 935 ± 5.8Diabetes
8Hutchison et al. [17]Australia157 days9-hour time-restricted feeding (TRF)55 ± 333.9 ± 0.8Overweight or obesity
9Keogh et al. [18]Australia1912 monthsIntermittent energy restriction (IER); 1300 kcal for 1 week, normal diet for 1 week59.5 ± 8.733.8 ± 3.1Non-diabetic obese/overweight
10Klempel et al. [19]USA12810 weeksIntermittent fasting calorie restriction-liquid diet (IFCR-L); 30% restricted calorie47 ± 235 ± 1Non-diabetic obese
226Intermittent fasting calorie restriction-food based diet (IFCR-F); 30% restricted calorie48 ± 235 ± 1Non-diabetic obese

N represents number of participants recruited in the study; B1 and B2 represent difference types of intermittent fasting dietary intervention included in the same study; 1 and 2 represent different types of dietary intervention included in the same study, the superscript number 1 represents age in median with a range from 42–74 years old.