Low Serum Total Testosterone Is Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Men but Not in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Demographic characteristics and clinical parameters of patients with and without NAFLD (women, n = 555).

	Non-NAFLD	NAFLD
Participants, %	180 (32.4)	375 (67.6)	–
Age, years	61.42 ± 13.32	54.40 ± 15.65	<0.001
BMI, Kg/m^2	24.25 ± 3.68	29.52 ± 6.31	<0.001
Post-menopausal status, %	145 (80.6)	231 (61.6)	<0.001
Current smoking, %	7 (3.9)	9 (2.1)	0.523
Current drinking, %	4 (2.3)	13 (3.5)	0.423
Insurance type, %			0.802
Urban workers	144 (80.0)	297 (79.2)
Non-working urban residents	27 (15.0)	54 (14.4)
Self-pay	9 (5.0)	24 (6.4)
Dyslipidemia, %	120 (69.0)	273 (73.6)	0.262
Hypertension, %	96 (53.3)	224 (59.7)	0.153
Duration of T2DM, year	10.00 (4.00, 20.00)	5.00 (0.40, 13.00)	<0.001
Blood pressure, mmHg
Systolic	133.28 ± 18.55	136.70 ± 18.18	0.040
Diastolic	78.07 ± 10.49	82.33 ± 11.62	<0.001
HbA1c, %	8.33 ± 2.18	8.51 ± 2.00	0.363
TC, mmol/L	4.91 ± 1.12	5.18 ± 1.48	0.039
TG, mmol/L	1.43 (1.03, 1.90)	1.89 (1.45, 2.70)	<0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.22 ± 0.33	1.09 ± 0.24	<0.001
LDL-C, mmol/L	2.89 ± 0.93	3.10 ± 1.01	0.018
LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio	2.52 ± 0.98	2.95 ± 1.15	<0.001
UA, μmol/L	305.23 ± 103.28	350.08 ± 103.40	<0.001
CRP, mg/dL	0.23 (0.15, 0.39)	0.36 (0.22, 0.58)	<0.001
AST, u/l	16.00 (13.00, 20.00)	20.00 (15.00.29.00)	<0.001
ALT, u/l	16.00 (12.00, 23.00)	24.00 (16.00, 40.00)	<0.001
TT, nmol/L	0.45 (0.32, 0.75)	0.49 (0.32, 0.74)	0.283
Androstenedione, nmol/L	1.63 (1.16, 2.39)	1.78 (1.13, 2.72)	0.084
DHEA, nmol/L	7.67 (4.59, 12.39)	8.69 (4.80, 12.76)	0.395
DHEAS, μmol/L	2.17 (1.30, 3.23)	2.48 (1.51, 4.16)	0.016

NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA, uric acid; CRP, C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; TT, total testosterone; DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.Excess alcohol consumption (≥210 g/week for men, ≥140 g/week for women) was initially excluded.